SHEAR AND MOMENT

DIAGRAMS WITH APPLICATIONS

IN TWO ORTHOGONAL PLANES
Lecture #5

Course Name : DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

Course Number: MET 214

Bending is caused when a shaft carries a load at right angles to the

longitudinal (rotational) axis of the shaft. Shafts used in power
transmission systems must be designed to insure the levels of stress
and/or the amount of deflection due to bending does not exceed
acceptable limits. In addition, the loads applied to a shaft will effect the
selection and/or the design of the shaft supports. Accordingly, it is
necessary to investigate relationships relating:
1) shaft loads to bending stresses
2) shaft loads to shaft deflections
3) shaft loads to shaft supports (bearings)
Drawing upon the precedent established in strength of materials, the
analysis of shafts with respect to traverse loading can be classified into
two categories.
Shaft support method of analysis

Statically determinate

Statically indeterminate

Statically determinate: Reactions at beam support due to beam loadings

can be determined by using only the equations of statics.

F
F
M

0
0

where

Horizontal
FM forces
Vertical forces
FV
MomentsM

Example:
Assuming the support means for the shaft shown in the figure below can
be assumed to be providing reaction forces in the vertical direction only,
calculate the value of the reaction forces at points A and B for the loads
shown.

Recall when determining reaction forces, distributed loads may be

replaced by an equivalent concentrated load acting through the
centroid of the distributed load. Accordingly, for the purpose of
determining reactions, the loads existing on the shaft above may
be represented as shown below.

Laws of statics provide 3 equations:

FH 0

F 0
M 0
V

Since there are two unknowns AY and BY , there are a sufficient number
of equations in comparison to the unknowns to solve for AY and BY .
Hence the reactions are statically determinate.

0 : 120 .275 225 .5 BY .4 0

BY .4 33 112.5
BY 363.75

0 : AY BY 120 225 0

BY 363.75
AY 18.75
A negative sign indicates reaction A acts in direction opposite than what

is indicated in figure.
As an example of a statically indeterminate beam situation, consider the
beam (non rotating member) shown below.

If we replace the schematic representation of fixed end supports with the

reaction forces and/or moments being generated by the supports, we will
be able to itemize the unknowns.

Note:
4 unknowns
3 equations from statics
3 equations and 4 unknowns:
Can not solve for reactions in the above problem using just the laws of
statics, additional information is required: Statically indeterminate.
Given a statically determinate version of the problem, compare the two
problems and identify how the reaction moments existing in the
statically indeterminate problem effects behavior of the beam at the
locations of the beam supports.

When dealing with shafts, it is not uncommon to have several

components mounted to a single shaft including multiple pulleys, gears,
sprockets, etc. In addition, shafts can be subjected to loads applied at
different angles as shown below.

When encountering situations involving loads applied at different angles,

it is possible to resolve forces into components existing in two
perpendicular planes and determine bearing reactions in both planes. The
total bearing reaction force can be determined from the components as
follows.

RB R X2 RY2

RB

RX
where
total reaction force existing
on a bearing
RY at the bearing
horizontal reaction force existing
vertical reaction force existing at the bearing

As an example of how to determine the total reaction force for each

bearing supporting a shaft consider the following example: For the
problem shown below resolve the loads into components existing in the
horizontal and vertical planes.

In order to standardize the calculations for use in this class, the

following coordinate system definitions will be used when resolving
forces acting on a shaft into components.

+ X axis is the horizontal axis and is positive into the plane of the paper
+ Y axis is the vertical axis and is positive upward in the plane of the
paper
+ Z axis lies along the axis of rotation of the shaft from left to right.
A perspective view of the above coordinate system is provided below.

The vertical plane is formed by the +Y and

below.

the +Z axes as shown

The horizontal plane is formed by the +X and the +Z axes. Since the
+X axis is positive into the plane of the paper, to depict the horizontal
plane in the plane of the paper, a rotation is required. For the purposed
of this class, the rotation necessary to display the horizontal plane in
the plane of the paper is the rotation about the +Z axis that will rotate
the +X axis into the plane of the paper with the +X direction pointing
upward. The horizontal plane is shown below.

Using the prescribed coordinate system definition at pulley A provided

below,
determine the vertical and horizontal force components due to
+ = 3000 lbs.

Using the prescribed coordinate system definition at pulley B provided

below, determine the vertical and horizontal force components due to
= 2000lbs.

Using the component values found in the previous step, draw a load
diagram for the horizontal plane ( the plane formed by the X and Z axis)
including the force components due to bearing reactions. Assuming the
bearings do not produce a moment reaction, calculate the bearing
reactions in the horizontal plane.

Using the component values found in the previous step, draw a load
diagram for the vertical plane (the plane formed by the Y and Z axis)
including force components due to bearing reactions. Assuming the
bearings do not produce a moment reaction, calculate the bearing
reactions in the vertical plane.

The load diagrams shown above are statically determinate. Determine

the information concerning bearing reaction forces shown below.

RH1
RH 2
RV1
RV2
RB1
RB2

The total bearing reaction forces RB1 and RB2 can be used to specify the
load carrying capability required of the bearings.

The load diagram, and the corresponding shear and moment diagrams
for the horizontal plane of the previous example are provided below.

Note: Dimensions appear on original diagram

Horizontal plane diagrams

Load
Shear
Moment

The load and moment diagram for the vertical plane are provided below.

The total bending moment at any position X from the left end of the shaft may be
calculated as follows.
where
M T( z )
2
2
M T ( z ) M H ( z ) Mtotal
V ( z ) bending moment in beam at location Z
M H( z )
bending moment in horizontal plane at location Z
M V( z )
bending moment in vertical plane at location Z

The total bending moment MT(z) generally varies with Z due to MH(z) and
MV(z) varying with Z. It is of interest to find the maximum value M T(Z) of the
total bending moment. The maximum value of MT(Z) may not be obvious from
an inspection of the moment diagrams in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Accordingly, several values of MT(Z) should be calculated at various locations
Z and the largest value identified. In the example provided above, the
maximum bending moment occurs at the left pulley and has the following
value.

M T ( A) max 25,1282 36,432 2 44,257in lb

By comparison, the total moment existing at pulley B has the following value

M T ( B ) max

22,624 2 22,627 2 31,997in lb

Obviously MT (A) > MT (B) and therefore

MT (A) is considered the maximum total moment for all positions Z and is
designated as such by the subscript max.
MT (A)max = 44,257 in-lb