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c is a constant
Ex. f ( x) 5
f ( x) 0
d n
x nx n 1
2.
dx
n is a real number
Ex. f ( x) x 7
f ( x) 7 x 6
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Ex. f ( x) 3 x
c is a constant
f ( x ) 3 8 x 7 24 x 7
d
d
d
4. dx f x g x dx f ( x) dx g ( x)
Ex. f ( x) 7 x12
f ( x) 0 12 x11 12 x11
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
d
d
f ( x) g ( x) g ( x) f ( x)
dx
dx
1 x 2 x 5 21x
3
7
2
Ex. f ( x) x 2 x 5 3 x 8 x 1
f ( x) 3 x 2 2 3 x 7 8 x 2
Derivative
of the first
function
16 x
Derivative of
the second
function
9
7
6
4
2
f ( x) 30 x 48 x 105 x 40 x 45 x 80 x 2
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
dx
d
d
g ( x) f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
f x
dx
dx
2
g ( x)
g
(
x
)
dx lo
lo lo
f ( x)
Derivative of
the denominator
3 x 2 2 2 x 3x 5
3x 2 10 x 6
If h( x) g f ( x) then
h( x) g f ( x) f ( x)
Note: h(x) is a composite function.
Another Version:
dx du dx
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
If h( x) f ( x)
n, real
h( x) n f ( x)
n 1
then
f ( x)
Ex. f ( x) 3 x 4 x 3 x 4 x
1
2
f ( x) 3x 4 x
2
3x 2
3x 2 4 x
1 2
12
6x 4
Ex. G ( x)
3 x 5
2 x 1 3 x 5 2 2 x 1 3
G( x) 7
2
3
x
3x 5
2 x 1
G( x) 7
3 x 5
13
3x 5
91 2 x 1
3x 5
52
, u 7 x 3x
dy dy du
dx du dx
5 32
u 56 x 7 6 x
Sub in for u
2
32
5
8
2
7 x 3x
56 x 7 6 x
2
140 x
15 x 7 x
3x
32
Marginal Functions
The Marginal Cost Function approximates the change in
the actual cost of producing an additional unit.
The Marginal Average Cost Function measures the rate
of change of the average cost function with respect to the
number of units produced.
The Marginal Revenue Function measures the rate of
change of the revenue function. It approximates the revenue
from the sale of an additional unit.
The Marginal Profit Function measures the rate of change
of the profit function. It approximates the profit from the sale
of an additional unit.
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Cost Functions
Given a cost function, C(x),
the Marginal Cost Function is
C ( x)
the Average Cost Function is
C ( x)
C
x
the Marginal Average Cost Function is
C ( x)
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Revenue Functions
Given a revenue function, R(x),
the Marginal Revenue Function is
R( x)
Profit Functions
Given a profit function, P(x),
the Marginal Profit Function is
P( x)
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Elasticity of Demand
If f is a differentiable demand function defined by
x f ( p)
Then the elasticity of demand at price p is given by
E p
Demand is:
pf p
f p
Elasticity of Demand
If the demand is elastic at p, then an increase in unit
price causes a decrease in revenue. A decrease in unit
price causes an increase in revenue.
If the demand is unitary at p, then with an increase
in unit price the revenue will stay about the same.
If the demand is inelastic at p, then an increase in
unit price causes an increase in revenue. A decrease
in unit price causes a decrease in revenue.
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Example
Consider the demand equation
p 0.02 x 400 0 x 20, 000
which describes the relationship between the unit
price p in dollars and the quantity demanded x of the
Acrosonic model F loudspeaker systems. Find the
elasticity of demand E ( p ).
Solving the given demand equation for x in
=
f ( p)
50 p 20, 000 400 p
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Example
The monthly demand for T-shirts is given by
0 x 400
p 0.05 x 25
C ( x) 0.001x 2 x 200
1. Find the revenue and profit functions.
2. Find the marginal cost, marginal revenue, and
marginal profit functions.
3. Find the marginal average cost function.
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Solution
1. Find the revenue and profit functions.
Revenue = xp
x 0.05 x 25 0.05 x 25 x
2
0.002 x 2
......
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Solution
2. (cont.) Find the marginal revenue and marginal
profit functions.
Marginal revenue = R( x)
0.1x 25
Marginal profit = P( x)
0.098 x 23
3. Find the marginal average cost function.
C ( x ) 0.001x 2 200 x
C ( x) 0.001 200 x
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Higher Derivatives
The second derivative of a function f is the derivative
of the derivative of f at a point x in the domain of the
first derivative.
Derivative
Second
Third
Fourth
nth
Notations
d2y
dx 2
d3y
dx3
(4)
d4y
dx 4
dny
dx n
f
f
f ( x) 15 x 4 6 x 2
f ( x) 60 x 12 x
3
f ( x) 180 x 2 12
2 3 x 2 3 2 x 1
3x 2
f ( x) 14 3 x 2
f (2)
42
3(2) 2
3x 2
7 3 x 2
42
3x 2
42 21
3
32
4
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Implicit Differentiation
y 3x3 4 x 17
y is expressed explicitly as a function of x.
y 3 xy 3x 1
y is expressed implicitly as a function of x.
f ( x)
x f ( x) 3x 1
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
y 3 y 2 x 3 y
y
Solve for y
3 y
3 y2 x
Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is
related to the rate of change of another quantity.
Ex. Two cars leave an intersection at the same
time. One car travels north at 35 mi./hr.,
the other travels west at 60 mi./hr. How
fast is the distance between them changing
after 2 hours?
Note: The rate of change of the distance between them is
related to the rate at which the cars are traveling.
Related Rates
Steps to solve a related rate problem:
1. Assign a variable to each quantity.
Draw a diagram if appropriate.
2. Write down the known values/rates.
3. Relate variables with an equation.
4. Differentiate the equation implicitly.
5. Plug in values and solve.
dy
35
dt
x 120
y 70
Distance = z
y
x
From original
relationship
x2 y 2 z 2
dx
dy
dz
2x 2 y
2z
dt
dt
dt
dz
2(120)(60) 2(70)(35) 2 10 193
dt
dz
dt
69.5 mi./hr.
Increments
An increment in x represents a change from x1
to x2 and is defined by:
x x2 x1
Read delta x
y f ( x x) f ( x)
Differentials
Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function, then the
differential of x, denoted dx, is such that dx x.
The differential of y, denoted dy, is
dy f ( x)x f ( x)dx
Note: y
Example
Given
f ( x) 3x x, find:
x 3.02 3 0.02
dy f ( x)dx 6 x 1 dx
6(3) 1 (0.02) 0.34
Example
The total cost incurred in operating a certain type of
truck on a 500-mile trip, traveling at an average speed
of v mph, is estimated to be
4500
dollars
v
Find the approximate change in the total operating cost when
the average speed is increased from 55 mph to 58 mph.
C (v ) 125 v
v dv C (v )dv 1 2
v
4500
3 1 3 1.46
3025
v 55