The Integral

chapter

The Indefinite Integral

Substitution
The Definite Integral As a Sum
The Definite Integral As Area
The Definite Integral: The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus

Antiderivative
An antiderivative of a function f is a
function F such that
F f

Ex. An antiderivative of f ( x) 6 x
is F ( x) 3x 2 2
since F ( x) f ( x).

Indefinite Integral

The expression:

f ( x)dx

read the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,

means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.

Integral sign

f ( x)dx

x is called the variable

of integration

Integrand

Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of
the form F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a
constant.
Notice

6 xdx 3x

Represents every possible

antiderivative of 6x.

Power Rule for the Indefinite

Integral, Part I

Ex.

n 1

x
x dx
C if n 1
n 1
n

x
x dx
C
4
3

Power Rule for the Indefinite

Integral, Part II

1
x dx dx ln x C
x
1

Indefinite Integral of ex and bx

e dx e C
b
b
dx

ln b
x

Sum and Difference Rules

f g dx fdx gdx
x
x
Ex. x x dx x dx xdx C
3
2
2

Constant Multiple Rule

Ex.

kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx (k constant)

4

x
x
2 x dx 2 x dx 2 C
C
4
2
3

Integral Example/Different Variable

Ex. Find the indefinite integral:
u 7

2
3e 2u 6 du
u

1
2
3 e du 7 du 2 u du 6du
u
2 3
u
3e 7 ln u u 6u C
3

Position, Velocity, and Acceleration

Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an
object at time t, then
ds
dv
Velocity = v =
Acceleration = a =
dt
dt

Integral Form
s (t ) v(t )dt

v(t ) a (t )dt

Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain
rule differentiation. If u is a function of
x, then we can use the formula

f
fdx
du
du / dx

Integration by Substitution
Ex. Consider the integral:

3x x
2

5 dx

pick u x +5, then du 3 x dx

du
dx
2
3x

10

u du

C
10

Sub to get

Integrate

10

10
Back Substitute

Ex. Evaluate

x 5 x 2 7 dx

du
Let u 5 x 7 then
dx
10 x
1 1/ 2
2
x 5 x 7 dx
u du
10
2

Pick u,
compute du
Sub in

3/ 2

1 u

C
10 3 / 2
5x

7
15

Integrate

3/ 2

Sub in

Ex. Evaluate

dx

x ln x

Let u ln x then xdu dx

dx

x ln x u

du

C
2

ln x

Ex. Evaluate

e3t dt
3t
e 2

du
Let u e +2 then 3t dt
3e
e3t dt 1 1

du
3
t
e 2 3u
3t

ln u

3
3t
ln e 2

Shortcuts: Integrals of
Expressions Involving ax + b
Rule

ax b

ax b

ax b

ax b

ax b

dx

n 1

a (n 1)

1
dx ln ax b C
a

1 ax b
dx e
C
a
1 ax b
dx
c
C
a ln c

n 1

Riemann Sum
If f is a continuous function, then the left Riemann
sum with n equal subdivisions for f over the interval
[a, b] is defined to be
n 1

fx

k 0

f ( x0 )x f ( x1 )x ... f ( xn 1 )x
f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) ... f ( xn 1 ) x

where a x0 x1 ... xn b are the

subdivisions and x (b a) / n.

The Definite Integral

If f is a continuous function, the definite integral
of f from a to b is defined to be
b

n 1

f ( x)dx lim f x
a

k 0

The function f is called the integrand, the

numbers a and b are called the limits of
integration, and the variable x is called the
variable of integration.

Approximating the Definite

Integral
Ex. Calculate the Riemann sum for the
2

2
x
dx using n = 10.
integral

n 1

k 0

1
f xk x
xk
5
k 0

(1/ 5) 2 (2 / 5) 2 ... (9 / 5) 2 (1/ 5)

2.28

The Definite Integral

b

f ( x)dx

is read the integral, from a to b of f(x)dx.

Also note that the variable x is a dummy
variable.
b
b

f ( x)dx

f (t )dt

The Definite Integral As a Total

If r(x) is the rate of change of a quantity Q
(in units of Q per unit of x), then the total
or accumulated change of the quantity as x
changes from a to b is given by
b

Total change in quantity Q r ( x) dx

a

The Definite Integral As a Total

Ex. If at time t minutes you are traveling at
a rate of v(t) feet per minute, then the total
distance traveled in feet from minute 2 to
minute 10 is given by
10

Total change in distance v(t ) dt

2

Area Under a Graph

ba
Width: x
n
(n rect.)

y f ( x)

a
b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.

Approximating Area
Approximate the area under the graph of

f ( x) 2 x 2 on 0, 2

using n = 4.

A x f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x3 )
1
1

A f 0 f f 1 f
2
2

1
1
9
7
A 0 2
2
2
2
2

Area Under a Graph

y f ( x)

a
b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area is
n 1

f xk x

n
k 0

Area lim

a f ( x)dx

Geometric Interpretation
(All
Functions)
y f ( x)
R1
a

f ( x)dx

R3
R2

Area of R1 Area of R2 + Area of R3

Area Using Geometry

Ex. Use geometry to compute the integral
5

x 1 dx

Area =4
Area = 2

x 1 dx 4 2 2

Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
x

1. If A( x) f (t ) dt , then A( x) f ( x).
a

2. If F is any continuous antiderivative of

f and is defined on [a, b], then

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a )

The Fundamental Theorem

of Calculus
x

Ex. If A( x) t 5tdt , find A( x).

3 4

3 4

A ( x) x 5 x

Evaluating the Definite Integral

1
Ex. Calculate 1 2 x 1 dx
x

5
1
2
2 x 1 dx x ln x x 1
x

2
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1

28 ln 5 26.39056

Substitution for Definite Integrals

2x x
1

Ex. Calculate

1/ 2

dx

let u x 2 3 x
du
then
dx
2x

2x x
1

3x

1/ 2

Notice limits change

4

dx u du
1/ 2

16
2 3/ 2

u
3
3
0

Computing Area
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the
vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y 2 x2 .
2

0 2x dx
2

Gives the area since 2x3 is

nonnegative on [0, 2].

1 4
1 4 1 4
2 x dx x
2 0
2 0
2
2
3

Antiderivative

Fund. Thm. of Calculus