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Asthma
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Definition
Asthma is defined as a chronic
inflammatory
disease of the airways associated with
airway hype responsiveness causing
wide
spread but variable airflow obstruction
within the lungs that is often reversible
either spontaneously or with treatment.
Global Initiative for Asthma
Management (GINA 2010)
Epidemiology
In 2005, an estimated 7.7% of the
peoples (22.2 Millions) currently had
asthma.
Rate decreased with age 8.9% of
children (6.5%) had asthma compared
to 7.2% of adults (15.7 Million)
Classification
Intermittent asthma
Mild persistent asthma
Moderate persistent
asthma
Severe persistent asthma
1. Intermittent Asthma
3. Moderate persistent
4. Severe persistent
Symptoms is throughout the day
Night time symptoms is 7 times per
week
Activity is extremely limited
Short acting beta agonists usage for
symptom control is several times a day
Pulmonary function test shows FEV1
less
than 60% predicted. FEV1/FVC reduced
more
than 5%
Incidence
It accounts for nearly a half
million
hospitalizations each year
It is more prevalent in African
Americans
than in whites
Death from asthma is more
common in
lower socio-economic groups
Types of asthma
1.Allergic asthma
(extrinsic)
2.Non allergic asthma
(intrinsic)
3.Mixed asthma
3. Mixed asthma
Etiological factors
1. Asthma triggers
2. Cormobidities
1. Asthma triggers
Genetic tendency
Viral respiratory infections
Tobacco smoke
Air pollution
Early use of antibiotics
Sensitization to house dust,
mites
and cockroaches
Atopy
Exposure to allergens and irritants
Frequent RTIs
Exercise, cold air, strong odors,
perfume, rhinosinusitis, and stress
GERD
Ingestion of sulfites
2. Cormobidities
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Diagnostic evaluations
Management
Medical Management
Nursing management
1.Self monitoring
2.Avoidance of triggers
3.Medications
Complications
1.Status asthmaticus
2.Others
a.Airway obstruction
b.Asphyxia
c.Exhaustion
d.Atelectesis
e.Pneumothorax
f. Mediastinal and subcuteneous
emphysema
g.Corpulmonale and pneumonia