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Bressoud
Macalester College, St. Paul, MN
Project NExT-WI, October 5, 2006
Nikolai Luzin
Nikolai Luzin
S x
Sn x
Sn x
Sn x
Abel, 1826:
sin x
Sn x
n depends on x
TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus(evaluationpart):
F' x
Ifthen
f x
d
Iffiscontinuous,then
dt
f x
TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus(evaluationpart):
F' x
Ifthen
f x ion
t
a
i
t
n
e
r
t
e
f
f
n
i
Differentiate then Integrate = d
original
fcn
(up
to
constant)
s
d
i
t
u
n
?
b
a
n
,
s
n
o
i
t
e
o
i
s
t
a
r
s
a
r
g
e
TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus(antiderivativepart):
g
e
c
t
e
o
t
n
r
i
n
p
i
f
,
o
e
.
s
e
n
r
.
I
o d
e
i
t
v
i
n
n
i
i
f
f x
Iffiscontinuous,then
e
e
r
d
a
e
dt
h
t
this
Integrate then Differentiate = original fcn
Simon Poisson
F' x
Ifthen
f x
Simon Poisson
F' x
Ifthen
f x
f x
d
dt
f x
Earliest reference to
Fundamental Theorem of
the Integral Calculus is by
Paul du Bois-Reymond
(1880s). Popularized in
English by E. W. Hobson:
The Theory of Functions of
a Real Variable, 1907
Riemannsfunction:
f x
x
Atthefunctionjumpsby
8b 2
TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus(antiderivativepart):
d
Iffiscontinuous,then
dt
f x
TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus(evaluationpart):
F' x
Ifthen
f x
Vito Volterra
F x
F x
F' x
lim
Perfectset:equalsitssetoflimitpoints
Nowheredense:everyintervalcontains
subintervalwithnopointsoftheset
Nonempty,nowheredense,perfectset
describedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
Perfectset:equalsitssetoflimitpoints
Nowheredense:everyintervalcontains
subintervalwithnopointsoftheset
Nonempty,nowheredense,perfectset
describedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
Then by Vito Volterra, 1881
Perfectset:equalsitssetoflimitpoints
Nowheredense:everyintervalcontains
subintervalwithnopointsoftheset
Nonempty,nowheredense,perfectset
describedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
Then by Vito Volterra, 1881
Finally by Georg Cantor,
1883
Perfectset:equalsitssetoflimitpoints
Nowheredense:everyintervalcontains
subintervalwithnopointsoftheset
Nonempty,nowheredense,perfectset
describedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
s
t
e
S
C
V
S
Then by Vito Volterra, 1881
Finally by Georg Cantor,
1883
Volterrasconstruction:
Startwiththefunction F x
Restricttotheinterval[0,1/8],exceptfindthelargestvalueof
xonthisintervalatwhichF'(x)=0,andkeepFconstantfrom
thisvalueallthewaytox=1/8.
Volterrasconstruction:
Totherightofx=1/8,takethemirrorimageofthis
function:for1/8<x<1/4,andoutsideof[0,1/4],define
f1 x
thisfunctiontobe0.Callthisfunction.
Nowweslidethisfunctionoversothattheportionthat
isnotidentically0isintheinterval[3/8,5/8],that
middlepieceoflength1/4takenoutoftheSVCset.
Wedothesamethingfortheinterval[0,1/16].
f2 x
Weslideonecopyofintoeachintervalof
length1/16thatwasremovedfromtheSVCset.
Volterrasfunction,Vsatisfies:
1. Visdifferentiableateveryx,V'is
bounded.
2. ForainSVCset,V'(a)=0,butthereare
pointsarbitrarilyclosetoawherethe
derivativeis+1,1.
V'isnotRiemannintegrableon[0,1]
TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus(evaluationpart):
F' x
Ifthen
f x
Vito Volterra
Lessons:
1. Riemanns definition is not intuitively natural.
Students think of integration as inverse of
differentiation. Cauchy definition is easier to
comprehend.
Lessons:
1. Riemanns definition is not intuitively natural.
Students think of integration as inverse of
differentiation. Cauchy definition is easier to
comprehend.
2. Emphasize FTC as connecting two very different
ways of interpreting integration. Go back to
calling it the Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus.
Lessons:
1. Riemanns definition is not intuitively natural.
Students think of integration as inverse of
differentiation. Cauchy definition is easier to
comprehend.
2. Emphasize FTC as connecting two very different
ways of interpreting integration. Go back to
calling it the Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus.
3. Need to let students know that these
interpretations of integration really are different.
HeineBorel Theorem
Eduard Heine
18211881
mile Borel
18711956
HeineBorel Theorem
Eduard Heine
18211881
mile Borel
18711956
Axel Harnack
18511888
Axel Harnack
18511888
Axel Harnack
18511888
Axel Harnack
18511888
Equivalentproblem: rn
If x
Needtoknowthereisan
Lessons:
1. HeineBorel is far less intuitive than other
equivalent definitions of completeness.
Lessons:
1. HeineBorel is far less intuitive than other
equivalent definitions of completeness.
2. In fact, HeineBorel can be counter-intuitive.
Lessons:
1. HeineBorel is far less intuitive than other
equivalent definitions of completeness.
2. In fact, HeineBorel can be counter-intuitive.
3. HeineBorel lies at the root of Borel (and thus,
Lebesgue) measure. This is the moment at
which it is needed. Much prefer Borels name:
First Fundamental Theorem of Measure
Theory.