Cell division

Definition Of Cell division

The process by which cells reproduce
themselves
Two types:
Somatic cell division ( Somatic cell is any
cell of the body other than the germ cell)
Reproductive cell division ( Germ cell is a
gamete-sperm or oocyte)
Mitosis & Cytokinesis: in somatic cell
division, a cell undergoes a nuclear division
called mitosis and cytoplasmic division
called Cytokinesis to produce 2 identical cell
with same number of chromosomes as the
original cell

Mitosis

Why Do Cells Divide?

For growth, repair, and reproduction

Mitosis
Organisms

grow by the
addition of cells
In multicellular organism
some of these cells
perform functions different
from other cells.

The process of a cell becoming different is

differentiation.

Cell Division vs. Nuclear

Division

Cytokinesis: The actual division of the cell

cytoplasm into two new cells.

Mitosis: The division of the nucleus of the cell

into two new nuclei.

Terminology
Chromatin

- thin fibrous
form of DNA and proteins
Sister chromatidsidentical structures that
result from chromosome
replication, formed during
S phase

Anatomy of a
Chromosome
p -arm

centromere

q-arm

chromatids

telomere

Centromere point where sister

chromatids are
joined together
P=short arm;
upward
Q=long arm;
downward
Telomere-tips of
chromosome

Cell Cycle
An orderly sequence of events by which a
somatic cell duplicates its contents and
divides in two.
Human cells such as those in the brain,
stomach and kidneys contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes, for a total of 46.
One member of each pair is inherited from
each parent
Consists of 2 major periods:
Interphase when a cell is not dividing
Mitotic (M) phase when a cell is dividing

How Do Cells Divide?

Cell

cycle - sequence of
phases in the life cycle of
the cell

Interphase
Occurs

between
divisions
Longest part of cycle
3 stages

Interphase
State of high metabolic
activity
Cell does most of its
growing at this period
Interphase consists of 3
phases: S, G1, & G2
S or Synthesis stage: DNA
replicates in S phase

G1 or Gap 1
Interval between mitotic and
S phases
The cell just finished dividing
so in Gap 1 the cell is
recovering from mitosis
Organelles and cytosolic
components replicates
Centromere replication
begins, completed in G2

G 2 or Gap 2
This is preparation for mitosis
Organelles are replicated.
More growth occurs.
Enzymes and other proteins
are synthesized
Note: G0 cells e.g. Most
Nerve cells: cells in G1 that
may remain there and never

MITOSIS
Mitosis begins after G 2 and
ends before G 1

Prophase
Chromosome

condense
Microtubles form
The nuclear
envelope breaks
down

Metaphase
Chromosomes

are pulled to
center of cell
Line up along
metaphase
plate

Anaphase

Centromeres

divide
Spindle fibers
pull one set of
chromosomes to
each pole
Precise alignment
is critical to
division

Telophase
Nuclear

envelope form
around chromosomes
Chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis
- pinching of plasma membrane

Meiosis

meiosis
A 2-step division of the nucleus that reduces
chromosome number by half.
Reproductive cell division that occurs in the
gonads (ovaries & testes), produces
gametes in which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half (n)
Fertilization restores the deploid (2n) of
chromosomes
Involves combining the genetic information
of one parent with that of the the other
parent to produce a genetically distinct
individual

Terminology
Diploid

- two sets of
chromosomes (2n), in
humans 23 pairs or 46 total
Haploid - one set of
chromosomes (n) - gametes
or sex cells, in humans 23
chromosomes

Chromosome Pairing
Homologous

pair

each chromosome in pair

are identical to the other
( carry genes for same trait)
only one pair differs - sex
chromosomes X or Y

Phases of Meiosis
A

diploid cell replicates its

chromosomes
Two stages of meiosis
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Only 1 replication

Synapsis - pairing of
homologous chromosomes
forming a tetrad.
Crossing over - chromatids
of tetrad exchange parts.

Meiosis I

Prophase I
Chromosomes

condense

Homologous

chromosomes pair w/
each other
Each pair contains four
sister chromatids - tetrad

Metaphase I
Tetrads

or
homologou
s
chromoso
mes move
to center of
cell

Anaphase I
Homologou

s
chromoso
mes pulled
to opposite
poles

Telophase I
Daughter

nuclei
formed
These are
haploid
(1n)

Meiosis II
Daughter

cells undergo a
second division; much
like mitosis
NO ADDITIONAL
REPLICATION OCCURS

Prophase II
Spindle

fibers form
again

Metaphase II
Sister

chromatids
move to
the center

Anaphase II
Centromeres

split
Individual
chromosome
s are pulled
to poles

Telophase II &
Cytokinesis
Four

haploid
daughter
cells
results
from one
original

Review Mitosis &

Meiosis

Both

are forms of nuclear

division
Both involve replication
Both involve disappearance
of the nucleus, and
nucleolus, nuclear
membrane
Both involve formation of

DIFFERENCES

Meiosis

produces daughter
cells that have 1/2 the number
of chromosomes as the parent.
Go from 2n to 1n.
Daughter cells produced by
meiosis are not genetically
identical to one another.
In meiosis cell division takes
place twice but replication

Value of Variation
Variation

- differences between
members of a population.
Meiosis results in random
separation of chromosomes in
gametes.
Causes diverse populations that
over time can be stronger for
survival.