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v.1.6
WHAT IS GPS
METHODS OF OBTAINING POSITION
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
PRS 92
SURVEYING WITH GPS
WHAT IS GPS?
WHAT DOES IT DO?
GPS --Shortened form of NAVSTAR GPS.
NAVigation System with Time And Ranging Global
Positioning System.
--It is a solution for one of man’s oldest and
most troublesome problem
--Provides an answer to the question “where
on earth am I?”
Where on earth am i?
After WWII it became apparent to U.S. DoD that a
solution had to be found to the problem of accurate,
absolute positioning.
Safety
• Aviation
Integrity
(error-free),
Standards,
Low costs,
Low power cons.,
Small size,
• Rail
Regulation, Friendly use,
Continuity, Best perf.
Availability, accordingly
Accuracy
High precision,
High accuracy,
OOSA Training Course High reliability
Types Of GPS Receiver
Handheld- small light weight (like cell phones), single
frequency, used by a hiker or a soldier. Good for searching
people and places. Accuracy =+/-15m with S.A. off
Epoch 25 –
DUAL GPS
Epoch 10
L1 only GPS
DUAL
GPS
SOKKIA
GNSS
L1 GPS
ASHTECH
DUAL GPS
L1 only GPS
Magellan
GX1210- L1
GX1230-GNSS
S
O
U
T
L1 9600 L1 9200
H
G
P
S
L1 S60 L1 S66
DUAL S86S
DUAL S82
System Overview
Space Segment
User Segment
Monitor Stations
Diego Garcia
Ascension Is.
Kwajalein
Hawaii
Colorado Springs
Colorado Springs
Control Segment
Space Segment- satellites
orbiting the earth
Designed for 24 Satellites
• Minimum 4 sats visible
above 15deg cut-off angle
at any point of the earth’s
surface at any one time
• Orbits at 20,200 km
(12,600 mi) every 12 hours
• Equipped with four(4)very
accurate atomic clocks– 2
cesium & 2 rubidium
• Life span- 7.5 to 12 yrs
Satellites
Broadcasts 2 carrier waves (L-band) constantly
at the speed of light.
5s
eco
nds ds
o n
4 sec
from satellite
e ato r
u d Y axis = 90 E longitude
g i t equ
lo n of Y axis in plane of equator
0 n e
= a
x is n pl
a i
X xis
a
X
Cartesian & Geodetic Coordinates
Z P
Cartesian
coordinates (X, Y,
Z)
Geodetic
Z
coordinates
Y (Lat, Long, Ht)
Y
X
Local coordinate system-LUZON DATUM 1911
All maps in Phil. were made using this datum
• Reference Ellipsoid is Clarke 1866
•a= 6,378,206.4m; b= 6,356,583.8m
•f= 1/294.978
• Datum Origin at Balanacan marked on the ground
Latitude N 13° 33’ 41.00”
Longitude E 121° 52’ 3.00”
Geiod/Spheroid separation is zero
Geodetic Surveys carried out by
• Astronomical observation
• Triangulation and Traverse
The assumption GEOID/SPHEROID = zero
PRS’92 datum quantities are the same as LUZON 1911 except for
the Geoid-Ellipsoid separation (N=0.34m).
Accuracy
GPS accuracy comes from:
--Application of surveying methods such as
network design.
--Stability and accuracy of the reference controls.
--Redundant measurements.
--Application of precise set-up measurements.
Distances computed by GPS processing
GPS Field Procedures
PLANNING:
Project Area, Reference Station
Descriptions & Coordinates,
Network Scheme with Proposed
New Stations, Receivers &
Accessories, Personnel, Field GPS SURVEY WORKFLOW
sheets, Description Forms
Mobilization &
Courtesy Call
RECONNAISSANCE &
MONUMENTATION DBASE
TRANSFORM
OBSERVATION & TO PRS ‘92
DOWNLOADING OF DATA
TO COMPUTER
Sufficient Observation Time for the
Project
PERFORM NETWORK
ADJUSTMENT
Using WGS84 as Datum &
Coordinate System
Up to 5 Km 5 Km to 10 Km
The times above are the minimum period of unbroken data, if in doubt record more data
If observations are being conducted in a remote area where the baselines cannot be
processed and validated before the field teams leave the area consider longer observation times
PDOP should be less than 8 and preferably less than 5 particularly for shorter observation such
as Rapid Static. Try to avoid periods of high PDOP when planning observations.
Satellites should be above 20 degrees if possible.
GPS OBSERVATION
Suggested minimum session lengths-- Static
Single Frequency
0-5Km 5-10Km
1 hour 2 hours
Dual Frequency
0-5Km 5-10Km
8 sec 15 sec
INITIALIZATION TECHNIQUES:
1. Known-Point Initialization
2. Static Initialization
3. Postprocessed On-The-Fly Initialization
4. Reoccupation Initialization
TIPS TO AVOID POOR PROCESSING RESULTS
Poor GPS processing results can occur for a variety of reasons, including: