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Phase Diagram
@ 70% Iron
Prediction of Weld
Metal Solidification
Morphology
Schaeffler
Diagram
WRC
Diagram
Hot Cracking
Suggestions:
Maintain Electrode Force until Cooled
Limit Nugget Diameter to <4 X Thickness of thinner piece
More small diameter spots preferred to fewer Large Spots
Solutions
Maintain Electrode Force until weld cooled below oxidizing
Temperature
Post weld clean with 10% Nitric, 2% Hydrofluoric Acid
(Hydrochloric acid should be avoided due to chloride
ion stress-corrosion cracking and pitting)
1500 F
1200 F
M23C6
Precipitation
800 F
Chromium Oxide
800 F
Intergranular
Corrosion
Time
M23C6
Chromium-Rich
Carbides
Preventative Measures
Super Austenitic
Alloys with composition between standard 300 Austenitic SS
and Ni-base Alloys
High Ni, High Mo
Ni & Mo- Improved chloride induced Stress Corrosion
Cracking
Used in
Sea water application where regular austenitics suffer
pitting, crevice and SCC
Nitrogen-Strengthened Austenitic
High nitrogen levels, combined with
higher manganese content, help to
increase the strength level of the material
Consider a postweld heat treatment for
an optimum corrosion resistance
Little Weld Data Available
Martensitic
Contain from 12 to 18 percent chromium and
0.12 to 1.20 percent carbon with low nickel
content
Combined carbon and chromium content gives
these steels high hardenability
Magnetic
Tempering of the low-carbon martensitic
stainless steels should avoid the 440 to 540 C
temperature range because of a sharp reduction
in notch-impact resistance
Applications:
Some Aircraft & Rocket Applications
Cutlery
Martensitic
Spot Welding
HAZ Structural Changes
Tempering of hard martensite at BM side
Quench to hard martensite at WM side
Likelihood of cracking in HAZ increases with Carbon
Pre-heat, post-heat, tempering helps
Flash Weld
Hard HAZ
Temper in machine
High Cr Steels get oxide entrapment at interface
Precise control of flashing & upset
N or Inert gas shielding
HAZ
Ferritic
Contain from 11.5 to 27 percent
chromium, with additions of manganese
and silicon, and occasionally nickel,
aluminum, molybdenum or titanium
Ferritic at all temperatures, no phase
change, large grain sizes
Non-hardenable by heat treatment
Magnetic (generally)
Applications:
Water Tanks in Europe
Storage Tanks
large
HAZ
Base
Grain
Size
fine
Strength
Toughness
885 Embrittlement
DISTANCE
(Decomposition of
Iron-Chrome Ferrite)
Super Ferritic
Lower than ordinary interstitial (C&N)
Higher Cr & Mo
Better corrosion (Cr) & Higher Hot Strength (Mo)
Increased Cr & Mo
promotes Embrittlement
825F Sigma Phase (FeCr)
precipitation embrittlement
885F Embrittlement
(decomposition of iron-chromium
ferrite)
1560F Chi Phase (Fe36Cr12Mo10)
precipitation embrittlement
Because of the Embrittlement,
Resistance Welding is Usually
Not Done on These Steels
large
HAZ
Base
Grain
Size
fine
Strength
Toughness
885 Embrittlement
DISTANCE
Precipitation-Hardened
Can produce a matrix structure of
either austenite or martensite
Heat treated to form CbC, TiC, AlN,
Ni3Al
Possess very high strength levels
Can serve at higher temperature
than the martensitic grades
Applications:
High Strength Components in Jet & Rocket Engines
Bombs
Martensitic
Solution heat treat above 1900F
Cool to form martensite
Precipitation strengthen
Fabricated
Semiaustenitic
Solution heat treat (still contain 5-20% delta ferrite)
Quench but remain austenitic (Ms below RT)
Fabricate
Harden (austenitize, low temp quench, age)
Austenitic
Remain austinite
Harden treatment
AC=Air cooled
WQ=Water Quenched
RC=Rapid Cool to RT
SZC= Rapid cool to -100F
AWS Welding Handbook
Hardness
Aged
Annealed
Weld
Centerline
Distance
Precipitation-Hardened
Spot Welding
17-7PH, A-286, PH15-7Mo, AM350 & AM355 have been welded
Generally welded in aged condition, higher forces needed
Time as short as possible
Seam Welding
17-7PH has been welded
Increased electrode force
Flash Welding
Higher upset pressure
Post weld heat treatment
Duplex
Low Carbon
Mixture: {bcc} Ferrite (over 50%) + {fcc} Austenite
Early grades had 75-80% Ferrite (poor weld toughness due to ferrite)
Later grades have 50-50
Some
Applications
Method of
Making an Ultra
Light Engine
Valve