AE 2304

PROPULSION-II
prepared
By
Mr. Suresh Chandra Khandai

UNIT-I

AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINES

Impulse and reaction blading of gas turbines
Velocity triangles and power output
Vortex theory
Choice of blade profile, pitch and chord
Estimation of stage performance
Limiting factors in gas turbine design
Methods of blade cooling
Matching of turbine and compressor.
Numerical problems
University question paper solution

Gas Turbines
Work can be extracted from a gas at
higher inlet pressure to the lower
back pressure by allowing it to flow
through the turbine.
The work done by the gas is
equivalent to the change of its
enthalpy.

Impulse turbines
An impulse stage is characterized by the
expansion of the gas which occurs only in the
stator nozzles.
The rotor blades act as directional vanes to
deflect the direction of the flow.
They convert the K.E. of the gas into work by
changing the momentum of the gas more or less
at constant pressure.

Reaction turbines
A reaction stage is one in which expansion of the
gas takes place both in the stator & in the rotor.
The function of the stator is the same as that of
the impulse stage, but the function of the rotor is
in two folds

Methods of blade cooling

Convection cooling works by passing cooling air
through passages internal to the blade. Heat is
transferred by conduction through the blade, and
then by convection into the air flowing inside of
the blade. A large internal surface area is
desirable for this method, so the cooling paths
tend to be serpentine and full of small fins.[

 A variation of convection cooling, impingement

cooling, works by hitting the inner surface of the
blade with high velocity air. This allows more heat
to be transferred by convection than regular
convection cooling does. Impingement cooling is
often used on certain areas of a turbine blade,
like the leading edge, with standard convection
cooling used in the rest of the blade.

 The second major type of cooling is film

cooling . This type of cooling works by pumping
cool air out of the blade through small holes in
the blade. This air creates a thin layer (the film)
of cool air on the surface of the blade, protecting
it from the high temperature air. The air holes can
be in many different blade locations, but they are
most often along the leading edge.

 Transpiration cooling, the third major type of

cooling, is similar to film cooling in that it creates
a thin film of cooling air on the blade, but it is
different in that that air is "leaked" through a
porous shell rather than injected through holes.
This type of cooling is effective at high
temperatures as it uniformly covers the entire
blade with cool air.
Transpiration-cooled blades generally consist of a
rigid strut with a porous shell. Air flows through
internal channels of the strut and then passes
through the porous shell to cool the blade.

UNIT-II

RAMJET PROPULSION
Operating principle of Ram jet engine
Sub critical, critical and supercritical operation of
Ramjet
Combustion in Ramjet engine
Ramjet performance
Ramjet design calculations
Introduction to scramjet.
Numerical Problems
University question paper solution

RAMJET ENGINE

SCRAMJET

UNIT-III
FUNDAMENTALS OF ROCKET PROPULSION

Operating principle
Specific impulse of a rocket - Derivation
Internal ballistics of rocket engines
Rocket nozzle classification - Explanation
Rocket performance considerations
Numerical problems
University question paper solution

SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET

MOTOR

DESIGN
Design begins with the total impulse required,
which determines the fuel/oxidizer mass. Grain
geometry and chemistry are then chosen to
satisfy the required motor characteristics.
The
following
are
chosen
or
solved
simultaneously. The results are exact dimensions
for grain, nozzle, and case geometries.
The grain burns at a predictable rate, given its
surface area and chamber pressure.
The chamber pressure is determined by the
nozzle orifice diameter and grain burn rate.
Allowable chamber pressure is a function of
casing design.

 The length of burn time is determined by the

grain 'web thickness'.
The grain may or may not be bonded to the
casing. Case-bonded motors are much more
difficult to design, since the deformation, under
operating conditions, of the case and the grain
must be compatible.

UNIT-IV

CHEMICAL ROCKETS
Solid propellant rockets Selection criteria of solid
propellants
Hardware components of solid rockets Propellant
grain design considerations
Liquid propellant rockets Selection of liquid
propellants
Cooling in liquid rockets
Hybrid rockets
Numerical problems
University question paper solution

LIQUID ROCKET MOTOR

UNIT-V
ADVANCED PROPULSION TECHNIQUES

Electric rocket propulsion

Ion propulsion techniques
Nuclear rocket
Solar sail
Concepts in nozzleless propulsion
Numerical problems
University question paper solution
Revision

Electric rocket propulsion

ELECTRO THERMAL
ELECTRO MAGNETIC(PLASMA THRUSTERS)
ELECTRO STATIC(ION PROPULSION

ELECTRO THERMAL
PROPULSION
Electro-thermal propulsion systems are those
systems in which electrical energy is used
to heat propellants, thus producing thrust.
Principle
Electro-thermal systems heat propellants ,
which produce gases. The gases are then
sent through a supersonic nozzle to produce
thrust.

Ion propulsion Technique

This technique of propulsion
utilizes electrostatic energy, i.e.
energy due to electric charges
on materials is used to propel
rockets. Since ions are used for
this, the technique is also called
as ion propulsion technique.

Nuclear Rocket
Nuclear energy is used as propellant.

Solar sail

NOZZLELESS PROPULSION

Nozzleless solid propellant rocket motor

THE END