Composition of Sea Water

Element

Weight %:
1%=10

gm/liter

Cl
Na
Mg
S
Ca
K

1.9
1.05
0.135
0.0885
0.040
0.038

Br
C
Sr
B
Si
F

0.0065
0.0028
0.00081
0..00096
0.00030
0.00013

The Coriolis Effect

Due to moving on a
rotating earth
Things on equator are
moving faster than
points near poles
Affects:
Winds
Ocean Currents
Tides

Erosion and Landscape Evolution

Constructive and Destructive

Processes
Highlands

Erosion Dominates
Destructive Processes
History not Preserved
Little Geological Record

Transport
Lowlands, Coastal Plain, Lakes and Seas

Deposition Dominates
Constructive Processes
History Preserved
Good Geological Record

Anatomy
of a
Drainage
System

Stream Order

The Ideal Stream Cycle (W.M.

Davis, 1880)

Youth
Maturity
Old Age
Rejuvenation

Youth

V-Shaped Valley
Rapids
Waterfalls
No Flood Plain
Drainage Divides
Broad and Flat.
Valley Being
Deepened

Maturity
(Early)

V-Shaped Valley
Beginnings of
Flood Plain
Sand and Gravel
Bars
Sharp Divides
Relief Reaches
Maximum
Valleys stop
deepening

Maturity
(Late)

Valley has flat

bottom
Narrow Flood
Plain
Divides begin to
round off
Relief diminishes
Sediment builds
up, flood plain
widens
River begins to
meander

Old Age

Land worn to
nearly flat surface
(peneplain)
Resistant rocks
remain as erosional
remnants
(monadnocks)
Rivers meander
across extremely
wide, flat flood
plains

Rejuvenation
Some change causes stream to speed up and
cut deeper.
Uplift of Land
Lowering of Sea Level
Greater stream flow
Stream valley takes on youthful
characteristics but retains features of older
stages as well.
Can happen at any point in the cycle.

Rejuvenation of an old-age
landscape

Rejuvenation of an early mature

landscape

Superposed (Antecedent) Drainage

Streams Cut Right Through High Topography

Arid and Humid Weathering Compared

Humid Climates

Arid Climates

Rainfall

Frequent

Rare, May Be Seasonal,

Often Violent

Soil Cover

Thick

Thin or Absent

Vegetation

Thick

Sparse-no Continuous
Cover

Chemical
Weathering

Intense

Weak

Overall
Landscape
Evolution

Mostly Uniform
Processes

Episodic Processes

Types of Coast

Degree of Modification
Primary - Not Modified Much by Wave Action
Secondary - Highly Modified by Wave Action
History
Emergent - Land Rises or Water Level Falls
Submergent - Land Sinks or Water Level Rises
Dominant Process
Erosional
Depositional

Secondary Coasts Are Modified

by Marine Erosion or Deposition

Secondary Coasts

Erosion
Stack
Terraces
Tombolo
Erosion rate becomes very
slow

Deposition
Spit
Lagoon
Baymouth Bar
Barrier Bar

Primary Coastlines Are Very

Common