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AQIDAH

ISLAMIC STUDIES (FAH 0013)

LEARNING
OBJECTIVE:
At
the end of the chapter, students should be
able to do the following:

To explain the required knowledge for

the accountable person.


To comprehend and explain Allahs
Attributes according to the Quran dan
Hadith.
To describe the meaning of Prophets and
messengers of Allah and their attributes.
To relate all aspect of life and being to
the creedal statement of Islam.

Introduction

THE JUDGMENTS OF THE


SOUND INTELLECT
The judgments of the intellect are limited to 3
categories:
1. What absolutely must be, or the absolutely necessary
What the mind absolutely does not accept the non-existence
of. That is, to propose its non-existence would be absurd. In
other words, Allhs existence.
2. What absolutely cannot be, or the absolutely

impossible

What the mind does not accept the potential existence of


under any circumstance. That is, the proposition of its possible
existence is absolutely absurd and logically incongruent. It
refers to what is merely practically impossible, such as rivers
flowing up a mountain

3. What may be, or the possible


The mind can accept the existence or non-existence of. All
created things fall into this category.
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Islamic Studies

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
FOR THE ACCOUNTABLE
PERSON
It is required of every accountable person to know

what absolutely must be true of Allh, what Absolutely


cannot be true of Allh, and what may be true of Allh.
One must also know these things with regards to the
Messengers, upon them Peace and Blessings.
An accountable person is someone who is sane, has
reached Islamic puberty and has heard the Creedal
Statement of Islm.
The accountable person will be held accountable by
Allh for all his sayings, deeds and beliefs. He is
required to perform all obligations prescribed upon
him by Allh and avoid all that Allh has prohibited
him from.
Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
FOR THE ACCOUNTABLE
PERSON
The accountable is only accountable for his or her
own acts. It must be kept in mind, however, that
one of the obligations to act is to prevent the
disobedience of others. The Prophet said:
Whoever among you sees something
disapproved of by Allh, let him change it by
his hand. If unable, then let him do so by His
tongue. If unable to do even that, let Him
reject it in his heart, and that is the least
(act) of faith.
Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

ALLH
MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
WITH
Among the attributes which absolutely
must be true of Allh are 20 as follows:
1. Existence(al-Wujd/
)
This first attribute, existence, is called an Attribute of
Self, as it merely refers to what exists, without
additional meaning.
2. Non-beginning existence(al-Qidam/
)
Allh stated in the Qurn that:
He is al-Awwal. This means that He existed before
everything else, and that He was not preceded by nonexistence. The Prophet Muammad said:
Allh existed and there was nothing else.
Islamic Studies
Islamic Studies

ALLH
MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
WITH
3. Non-ending existence(al-Baq/
)
Allh said in the Qurn:
This may be interpreted as, Allh Himself lasts, that is,
absolutely. His existence does not have the possibility of
ending.
4. Non-resemblance to all events-all things that have a

beginning (al-Mukhlafatuli-l-awdith/

Allh stated in the Qurn:


Absolutely nothing resembles Him, and He is All-Hearing, AllSeeing. Allh created everything, brought everything into
existence, therefore He does not resemble anything.
The rule is therefore that whatever you can imagine in your
mind, Allh does not resemble it. It was narrated Ibn Abbs
said, Ponder about everything, but do not ponder about the
Self of Allh.

Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

ALLH
MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
WITH
5. Self-existence, meaning having no need of location or

specification (al-Qiymu binafsihi/

Allh said in the Qurn:

O People, you are the desolate in absolute need of Allh,


and Allh is the One that does not need anything or
anyone, and He is the One that deserves all praise.

6. Absolute Oneness, having no second like Him in self,

actions, or attributes (al-Wadniyya/

Allh stated in the Qurn:


Say! [O Muammad] He is Allh, He is One. The word
One here is absolute in meaning. In other words, it is
impossible that He should have an equal in His self, actions
or attributes.

The last five attributes are classified as the


attributes of negating imperfections.
Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

ALLH
MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
WITH
There are another 7 attributes that absolutely must be
true of Allh known as Sift al-Man Attributes of
Meanings.
7. Power(al-Qudra/
)
Allh said in the Qurn:
Verily Allh is able to create anything.
8. And Will (al-Irda/

) ,both of which relate to all


things that may be, whether they exists or not

Allh said in the Qurn:


Verily Your Lord does whatever He wills.
The attribute of Power is an eternal attribute by which Allh
brings what has the possibility of existence into existence,
or annihilates it, according to His Will. His Will is an eternal
attribute by which He specifies things with what is possible.
All created things fall under His Will and Power

Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

ALLH
MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
WITH
9. Knowledge(al-Ilm /
)
This attribute pertains to all that absolutely must be, cannot be, or
maybe. Allh said in the Qurn:
Verily Allh knows everything.
10. Life (al-ayt /
)
This attribute does not relate to anything. Allh stated in the Qurn:

And rely on the One that is attributed with eternal

11. Hearing (al-Sam/


)
12. Sight(al-Baar/
)
Both attributes pertain to all that exists. Allh said in the Qurn:

Absolutely nothing resembles Him, and He is All-Hearing, AllSeeing.

13. And Speech (Kalam/


)
His speech is without letter or sound. Allah said:

And Allh spoke to Moses.


Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

ALLH
MUST BE ATTRIBUTED
WITH
The last 7 of the 20 attributes are known as Sift
Manawiyya, or Attributes pertaining to meanings. It
tells you that the attributed has a certain attribute.
14.Being Qdir (
15.Being
16.Being
17.Being
18.Being
19.Being
20.Being

), or being attributed with Power


Murd (
), or being attributed with Will
lim (
), or being attributed with Knowledge
Hayy (
), or being attributed with Life
Sam (
), or being attributed with Hearing
Bar (
), or being attributed with Seeing
Mutakallim (
), or being attributed with

Speech

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Islamic Studies

THE ATTRIBUTES THAT ARE


IMPOSSIBLE FOR ALLH

Islamic Studies

THE PROOFS OF ALLHS


ATTRIBUTES
His attribute of non-ending existence
This attribute is based on the fact that if He was not non-

ending then he would have an ending. There is no third


option. This is equivalent to claim that Allh was merely
possible in existence.

His attribute of non-resemblance to creation


If He resembled events in any way, then He would also be an

event and that is impossible.

His attribute of self-existence


As for Allhs self-existence, it means that Allh has no need

of anything else in order to exist, neither something to be in


nor someone to give Him specification. The proof of Allhs
self-existence is that if He needed something to be in, then
He
would be an attribute.

Islamic Studies

THE PROOFS OF ALLHS


ATTRIBUTES
His attribute of non-ending existence
This attribute is based on the fact that if He was not non-

ending then he would have an ending. There is no third


option. This is equivalent to claim that Allh was merely
possible in existence.

His attribute of non-resemblance to creation


If He resembled events in any way, then He would also be an

event and that is impossible.

His attribute of self-existence


As for Allhs self-existence, it means that Allh has no need

of anything else in order to exist, neither something to be in


nor someone to give Him specification. The proof of Allhs
self-existence is that if He needed something to be in, then
He
would be an attribute.

Islamic Studies

THE PROOFS OF ALLHS


ATTRIBUTES
His attribute of Oneness
If He was not One, then nothing of the world could exist

because He would be weak.

His attribute of Power, Will, Knowledge and Life


It is clear that if it were not for these attributes, nothing in

the universe would have come into existence.

His attribute of Hearing, Sight and Speech


As for Allhs Hearing, Sight and Speech, we believe in

them because they are clearly stated in the Qurn,


Hadths, and there is ijm (scholarly consensus)on that.
In addition, if He was not attributed with them, then He
would have been attributed with their opposites, which is
a weakness, and this is impossible.

Islamic Studies

THE PROOFS OF ALLHS


ATTRIBUTES
What may be true of Allh
Doing any thing possible, or not doing it, is possible for

Allh; the proof is that otherwise, the possible would


either be absolutely necessary or impossible, and this is
a contradiction.
For Allh to be obliged to do something or not to do it
would be a flaw, and this is impossible for Allh. Allh
said in the Qurn:

He is not asked about what He does to creation in

terms of guiding and misguiding, or honoring and


humiliating, but the creation is asked.
Islamic Studies

The Messengers of Allh


and their Attributes
Definition of Prophet and Messenger
Messengers are intelligent, free, male humans, that

had a revelation of a teaching of religion.


Some of them have Heavenly books revealed to
them.
Chosen by Allh and protected from birth from
characteristics or behavior that do not befit their
rank, such as blasphemy, sins, meanness and
foolishness.
The only practical difference between a Messenger
and a Prophet is that the latter follows the laws of the
Messenger prior to him, and does not bring new laws.
Islamic Studies

The Messengers of Allh


and their Attributes
Attributes that Messengers must have
All Messengers must possess truthfulness, trustworthiness,

and must have delivered their messages entirely.

Attributes that are impossible for Messengers to have


It is impossible that they should be attributed with the

opposites of these attributes by telling lies, or committing


treachery by doing what their message forbids or dislikes, or
keeping to themselves a message they have been ordered to
deliver to creation.

Attributes that Messengers could have


It is possible for the Messengers to have any human condition

which does not imply flaw in their rank, such as getting


married or falling ill.
Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

The Messengers of Allh


and their Attributes
The proof that their truthfulness is a necessity is that lies
would be a contradiction to the Prophetic miracles of the
Messengers.
A Prophetic Miracle, or mujizah in Arabic, is an extra
ordinary events that is joined with a claim of
Prophethood. It cannot be imitated by an opponent or
challenger.

There are also other types of extraordinary events,


they are:
A preparatory wonder, or irh
A Wals wonder, or karmah
Assistance, or manah
A lure,or istidrj

Islamic Studies

The Creedal Statement of


Islm
All of the above is summarized in the creedal
statement of L ilha ill-Allh, Muammadu-r-RaslUllh, which literally means there is no God but
Allh, Muammad is the Messenger of Allh.
This is because the word ilh in Arabic comes from the

word Ulhiyyah or godhood, which means, being the


One who needs nothing else and all else needs Him.
It is clear that the saying there is no god but Allh
includes the three categories that all accountable people
are obligated to know as being true of Allh. That is, what
must be true of Him, what cannot be true of Him, and
what is possibly true of Him.

Islamic Studies

Islamic Studies

Allah: caused all


things

1) Tawheed ar-Ruboobeeyah
This category is based on the fundamental

concept that Allaah alone caused all things to


exist when there was nothing; He sustains
and maintains creation without any need from
it or for it; and He is the sole Lord of the
universe and its inhabitants without any real
challenge to His sovereignty.
In Arabic the word used to describe this
creator-sustainer quality is Ruboobeeyah
which is derived from the root "Rabb" (Lord).
The basis for the Ruboobeeyah concept can be
found in many Qur'anic verses.
"Allaah created all things and He Is the agent on
which all things depend."
"And Allaah created you all and whatever you do."
"It was not you who threw, when you threw, but it
was Allaah who threw."

Cont
Everything that man conceives as good fortune and misfortune

are merely events predestined by Allaah as part of the tests of


this life. The incidents follow patterns set only by Allaah. Allaah
has said in the Qur'aan,
"O Believers! Surely there Is In your wives and children an
enemy for you, so beware of them."
That is, within the good things of this life there are severe tests
of one's faith in God. Likewise, in the terrible events of life there
lies test as is mentioned in the verse,
"Surely We will test you with fear, hunger, loss of wealth and life
and the fruits of your work, so give glad tidings to those who are
patient.
Sometimes the patterns are recognizable, as in the case of

cause and effect relationships, and sometimes they are not.

God has explained that the wisdom behind these apparent

irregularities is often beyond man's immediate comprehension


due to his limited scope of knowledge.
"Perhaps you may dislike something which is really good for you or like something
bad for you, but Allaah knows (what is best for you), and you do not."

Tawheed al-Asmaa was-Sifaat


This category of Tawheed has five main aspects:
1.

For the unity of Allaah's names and attributes to be maintained in the


first aspect, Allaah must be referred to according to how He and His
Prophet (saws) have described Him without explaining away His names
and attributes by giving them meanings other than their obvious
meanings.
"Allaah is angry with them, curses them and has prepared for them an evil
end."
Thus, anger is one of God's attributes. It is incorrect to say that His
anger must mean His punishment since anger is a sign of weakness in
man and, as such, not befitting of Allaah. What Allaah has stated should
be accepted with the qualification that His anger is not like human
anger, based on Allaah's statement, "There is nothing like him".

2.

The second aspect of Tawheed al-Asmaa was-Sifaat involves referring to


Allaah as He has referred to Himself without giving Him any new names
or attributes. For example, Allaah may not be given the name al-Ghaadib
(the Angry one), in spite of the fact that He has said that He gets angry,
because neither Allaah nor His messenger has used this name.

Cont
3.

Tawheed al-Asmaa was-Sifaat Allaah is referred to


without giving Him the attributes of His creation. For
example, it is claimed in the Bible and Torah that Allaah
spent the first six days creating the universe then slept
on the seventh. It is man who tires after heavy work
and needs sleep to recuperate.
"There is nothing like Him and He is hearer and seer of
all."

4.

Tawheed al-Asmaa was-Sifaat requires that man not be


given the attributes of Allaah. For example, in the New
Testament Paul takes the figure of Melchizedek, king of
Salem, from the Torah (Genesis 14:18-20) and gives
both him and Jesus the divine attribute of having no
beginning or end.

5.

Maintaining the unity of Allaah's names also means that


Allaah's names in the definite form cannot be given to
His creation unless preceded by the prefix 'Abd
meaning "slave of" or "servant of'.

Islamic Studies

3) Tawheed al-'Ebaadah
Tawheed ar-Ruboobeeyah and Tawheed al-Asmaa was-Sifaat must be

accompanied by their complement, Tawheed al-'Ebaadah, in order for


Tawheed to be considered complete according to Islaam.

This point is substantiated by the fact that Allaah Himself has

related in clear terms that the Mushrikoon (idolators) of the Prophet's


time confirmed many aspects of the first two forms of Tawheed. In the
Qur'aan Allaah tells the Prophet (saws) to say to the pagans:
"Say: 'Who is it that gives you all sustenance from the sky and earth,
governs sight and hearing, brings forth life from dead (matter) and
death from the living, and plans the affairs of man?' They will all say
'Allaah'.

Allaah said:
"Most of them do not believe in Allah except while joining partners to
Him."
Mujaahid's commentary on this verse was as follows:

Their belief in Allah represented by their statement,

Allaah created us
provides for us
takes our lives

did not stop them from worshipping other gods along with
Allah."

Cont
Some pagan Makkans even believed in the Resurrection

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and the Judgement and others in predestination (Qadar).


Ample evidence of their belief can be found in pre-Islamic
poetry.

In spite of the Makkans' confessions of Tawheed and their

knowledge of Allaah, Allaah classified them as disbelievers


(Kuffaar) and pagans (Mushrikoon) simply because they
worshipped other gods along with their worship of Allaah.
Allah said:
Consequently, the most important aspect of Tawheed is that
of Tawheed al-'Ebaadah, maintaining the unity of Allaah's
worship.
All forms of worship must be directed only to Allaah

because He alone deserves worship , and it is He


alone who can grant benefit to man as a result of His
worship.

Furthermore, there is no need for any form of intercessor

or intermediary between man and God

Cont
That purpose is, as was previously mentioned: the worship

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of God ('Ebaadah) and the main message of the prophets


was to worship God alone, Tawheed al-'Ebaadah.

Consequently, the gravest sin is Shirk, the worship of

others instead of Allaah or along with Allaah.

In Soorah al-Faatihah, which every Muslim is required to

recite in his or her prayers at least seventeen times daily,


verse four reads,
"You alone do we worship and from You alone do we seek
help".
Allaah said:
"When My servants ask you (O Muhammad) about Me (tell
them), 'Verily I am close (to them), I listen to the prayer of
every one who calls on Me. So let them respond to Me and
believe In Me in order that they may he guided aright.
The confirmation of Tawheed al-'Ebaadah conversely

necessitates the denial of all forms of intercession or


association of partners with Allaah.

Cont
Worship ('Ebaadah) in the Islamic view, includes more

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than just fasting, paying Zakaah, Hajj and animal


sacrifices. It includes emotions like love, trust, and fear,
all of which have degrees which should only be directed
to God.

Allaah has addressed these emotions and warned

against excesses in them as follows:

"There are among men those who take (for worship)


others besides Allaah as equals to Him. They love them
as they should only love Allaah. But those who believe
have a much greater love of Allaah..."
"Will you not fight people who broke their oaths, plotted
to expel the messenger and were the first to (attack)
you? Do you fear them? Allaah has more right to be
feared if you are truly believers."

Cont
Since the term 'Ebaadah means total obedience and Allaah is

considered the ultimate Lawgiver

the implementation of secular legal systems not based on divine

law (Sharee'ah) is an act of disbelief in the divine law and belief in


the correctness of such systems, such a belief constitutes a form of
worshipping other than Allaah (Shirk). Allaah said in the Qur'aan:
"Those who do not rule by what Allaah has revealed are disbelievers
(Kaafiroon). "

On one occasion, the Prophet's companion 'Adee ibn Haatim, who


was a convert from Christianity, heard the Prophet (saws) recite the
Qur'anic verse, "They have taken their rabbis and monks as lords
besides Allaah," so he said: 'Surely we did not worship them,' The
Prophet (saws) turned to him and said 'Did they not make forbidden
(Haraam) what Allaah had made allowable (Halaal), and you all
made it Haraam, and did they not make Halaal what Allaah made
Haraam and you all made it Halaal?' He replied, 'We certainly did.'
The Prophet (saws) then said, 'That was how you worshipped
them'."

THE CATEGORIES OF SHIRK


The study of Tawheed cannot be considered complete
without a careful analysis of its opposite, Shirk.
Allah said in the Qur'aan:
"Surely Allaah will not forgive the association of
partners (Shirk) with Him, but He forgives (sins) less
than that of whomever He wishes."
Because the sin of Shirk denies the very purpose of

man's creation, it is to God the gravest of sins; the


unforgivable sin.

Shirk literally means partnership, sharing or

associating, but Islamically it refers to the act of


assigning partners to Allaah in whatever form it may
take.

Shirk in Ruboobeeyah
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This category of Shirk refers to either the


belief that others share Allaah's Lordship
over creation as His equal or near equal, or to
the belief that there exists no Lord over
creation at all.
1. Shirk by Association

Beliefs which fall under this sub-category are ones in


which a main God or Supreme Being over creation is
recognized, however His dominion is shared by other
lesser gods, spirits, mortals, heavenly bodies or earthly
objects. Such belief systems are commonly referred to
by theologians and philosophers as either monotheistic
(having one God) or polytheistic (having more than one
God).
According to Islaam, all of these systems are polytheistic
and many represent various degrees in the degeneration
of divinely revealed religious systems all of which were
originally based on Tawheed.

Shirk in Ruboobeeyah
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2. Shirk by Negation
This sub-category represents the various
philosophies and ideologies which deny the
existence of God either explicitly or implicitly. That
is, in some cases God's non-existence is stated
(Atheism), while in other cases His existence is
claimed, but the way in which He is conceived
actually denies His existence (Pantheism).
There are a few ancient religious "systems" in which
God does not exist, foremost among them is the
system attributed to Gautama Buddha. Buddhism, a
reformist movement in Hinduism opposed to the
caste system, was founded in the 6th century BC.
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a number
of European philosophers asserted the nonexistence of God in what became know as the "death
of God philosophy".

Shirk in al-Asmaa was-Sifaat


1. Shirk by Humanization
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In this aspect of Shirk in al-Asmaa was-Sifaat,


Allaah is given the form and qualities of
human beings and animals. Due to man's
superiority over animals, the human form is
more commonly used by idolaters to represent
God in creation. Consequently, the image of
the Creator is often painted, moulded or
carved in the shape of human beings
possessing the physical features of those who
worship them.
2. Shirk by Deification (Sacred)

This form of Shirk in al-Asmaa was-Sifaat


relates to cases where created beings or
things are given or claim Allaah's names or His
attributes. For example, it was the practice of
the ancient Arabs to worship idols whose
names were derived from the names of Allaah.

Shirk In al-'Ebaadah
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1. Ash-Shirk al-Akbar (Major Shirk)


This form of Shirk occurs when any act of worship is
directed to other than Allaah.
It represents the most obvious form of idolatry which the
prophets were specifically sent by Allaah to call the masses
of mankind away from.
This concept is supported by Allaah's statement in the
Qur'aan:
"Surely we have sent to every nation a messenger saying,
worship Allaah and avoid Taaghoot (false gods)"
Taaghoot actually means anything which is worshipped
along with Allaah or instead of Allaah.
For example, love is a form of worship which, in its
perfection, should only be directed to Allaah. In Islam, the
love of God is expressed by total obedience to Him. Allah
said:
"Say: If you love Allaah, follow me and Allaah will love you."

Shirk In al-'Ebaadah
1.

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Ash-Shirk al-Akbar (Major Shirk) cont


Allaah said in the Quran:
"Whoever obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allaah,"
If man allows the love of anything or anyone to come
between himself and Allaah, then he has worshipped
that thing. In this way, money can become one's god or
even one's desires could become a god. The Prophet
(saws) said, "The worshipper of the Dirham will always
be miserable" and Allaah said in the Qur'aan
"Have you not seen the one who takes his desires as
his god?"
Much emphasis has been placed on the evils of Shirk in
'Ebaadah (worship) because it contradicts the very
purpose of creation as expressed in Allaah's statement:
"I have not created Jinn or mankind except for my
worship."90
Major Shirk represents the greatest act of rebellion
against the Lord of the Universe, and is thus the
ultimate sin.

Shirk In al-'Ebaadah
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2. Ash-Shirk al-Asghar (Minor Shirk)


Mabmood ibn Lubayd reported, "Allaah's messenger
(saws) said: "The thing I fear for you the most is ashShirk al-Asghar (minor shirk)." The companions asked
"Oh! messenger of Allaah, what is minor Shirk?" He
replied "Ar-Riyaa (showing off), for verily Allaah will
say on the Day of Resurrection when people are
receiving their rewards, 'Go to those for whom you
were showing off in the material world and see if you
can find any reward from them.
Mahmood

ibn Lubayd also said, "The Prophet (saws)


came out and announced, 'O people, beware of secret
Shirk!' The people asked, 'O messenger of Allaah,
what is secret Shirk?' He replied, 'When a man gets up
to pray and strives to beautify his prayer because
people are looking at him; that is secret Shirk.'"

Ar-Riyaa
Riyaa is the practise of performing any of the
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various forms of worship in order to be seen and


praised by people. This sin destroys all the
benefits that lie in righteous deeds and brings on
the one who commits it a serious punishment.

It is really significant to the believers whose goal

is to make all of the acts of their lives religious


acts dedicated to God.

The chance of committing Riyaa is great because


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it is so hidden. It only involves the simple act of


changing one's intention. The motivating forces
behind it are also very strong.

Ibn 'Abbaas alluded to this reality when he said,


"Shirk is more hidden than a black ant creeping on
a black stone in the middle of a moonless night."

REVIEW

RELATED SOURCES
Web links:
http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Sports/Sports5.html
http://abdurrahman.org/tawheed/TawheedComesFirst.pdf
Book:
Abu Aminah Bilal Philips, The Fundamentals of Tawheed (2003), 1st

Ed.,Kuala Lumpur: A.S.Noordeen Publisher.

DISCUSSION
1. Monotheism?
2. Animism
3. Actions/ customs against the Islamic Tawheed

in the society according to the types of


Tawheed.

pre-Islamic period of ignorance period-refer to the movie


Now-i.e Muslims custom in Malaysia

Magic spell (mentera & jampi serapah)


Amulet / charm (Tangkal )- protection against evil
Believe in shaman

4. How to solve the problem ?

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