Chapter 5.

Some types of
chemical reactions

Objectives:

Describe the periodic table and some

of the relationships that it summarizes
Recognize and descibe nonelectrolytes,
strong and weak electrolytes.
Recognize and classify acids, bases,
and salts
Assign oxidation number to elements,
when they are free, in compounds, or
in ions

Objectves (continue)

Name and write formulas for

common binary and ternary
inorganic compounds
Recognize oxidation-reduction
reactions and identify which species
are oxidized, reduced, oxidizing
agents, and reducing agents
Recognize and describe classes of
reactions

The periodic table: metals,

nonmetals, and metalloids

Help predict and explain the

properties of elements (function of
number of protons and electrons)
Electrons in the outermost shell are
called valance electrons (valance
shell) chemical bonding
Atomic weight (orginated from mass
number)

Periodic table

Atomic number of an element is the

number of protons in the nucleus of
its atoms
Elements are arranged in the
periodic table in order of increasing
atomic number.
The properties of the elements are
periodic functions of their atomic
number

Metallic character decrease

Transition metals

Noble gases

Increase

The vertical colums are referred to

as groups or families
The horizontal rows are called
periods
Elements in a group have similar
chemical and physical properties,
and those within a period have
properties that change progressively
across the table.

Names of some common

groups

The Group IA elements (except H)

are referred to as alkaline metals
The Group IIA elements are called
alkaline earth metals
The Group VIIA elements are called
halogens (salt formers)
The Group VIIIA elements are
called noble (rare) gases

Some physical properties

of metals and nonmetals

Metals

High EC that
decreases with
increasing
temperature
High thermal
conductivity
Metallic gray or silver
luster
Almost all are solids
Malleable
Ductile

Nonmetals

Poor electrical
conductivity (except
C in graphite)
Good heat insulator
No metallic luster
Solids, liquids, or
gases
Brittle in solid state
Nonductile

Some chemical properties

of metals and nonmetals

Metals

Outermost shells
contain few electrons
(usually 3 or fewer)
Form cations by
losing electrons
Form ionic
compounds with
nonmetals
Solid state
characterized by
metallic bonding

Nonmetals

Outermost shells
contain 4 or more
electrons
Form anions by gaining
elecrtons
Form ionic compounds
with metals, and
molecular (covalent)
other compounds with
nonmetals
Covalently bonded
molecules

Metalloids (semi-metals) show some

properties that are characteristic of both
metals and nonmetals
Example: B, Si, Ge, As, Te
Many of the metalliods, such as Si, Ge, and
Sb act as semiconductors (for electronic
curcuits). Semiconductor are insulators at
lower temperatures but become conductors
at higher temperatures.

Aqueous solutions

Solutes that are water-soluble can

be classified as either electrolytes
or nonelectrolytes
Electrolytes are substances whose
aqueous solutions conduct electric
current.
Aqueous solution of nonelectrolytes
do not conduct electricity

Dissociation refers to the process in

which a solid ionic compound, such
as NaCl(s), separates into its ions
in solution
Ionization refers to the process in
which a molecular compound
separates or reacts with water to
form ions in solution (HCl (g))

Three major classes of

solutes are strong
electrolytes

(1) strong acids, (2) strong bases,

and (3) most soluble salts
These compounds are completely
or nearly completely ionized (or
dissociated) in dilute aqueous
solutions

An acid: a substance that produces

hydrogen ions, H+, in aqueous
solutions
A base: a substance that produces
hydroxide ions, OH-, in aqueous
solutions
A salt: is a compound that contains
a cation other than H+ and anion
other than hydroxide ion, OH-, or
oxide ion, O2-

Some strong acids and

their anions

Common strong
acids

Anions of these acids

ClBrINO3-

HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3

ClO4- :

HClO4

ClO3-:

HClO3

HSO4-

H2SO4

SO4-

Some common weak acids

and their anions

Common weak
acids

HF
CH3COOH
HCN
HNO2

Anions of these
acids

FCH3COOCNNO2-

H2CO3

HCO3-

H2SO3

CO32-

H3PO4

__

Reversible reactions

Reactions that occur in both

directions
Examples

HCl no reversible reaction

H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
CH3COOH(aq)

Common strong bases

Group IA

LiOH
NaOH
KOH
RbOH
CsOH

Group IIA

Ca(OH)2

Sr(OH)2

Ba(OH)2

Insoluble bases & weak

bases

Isoluble bases: Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2,

Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3

Weak bases: NH3 and closely

related N-containing compounds,
the amines,

Reactions in aqueous
solutions
Formula unit equations (stoichiometric
calculation)
Total ionic equations
Net ionic equations (show only the
species that react: essence of a
chemical reaction)
[AgNO3(aq)
]
+ Cu(s)
Ag(s)[ + Cu(NO] 3)2
(aq)

Oxidation number

Many reactions that involve the transfer of

electrons from one species to another are
called oxidation-reduction reactions (redox
reactions)
We use oxidation numbers to keep track of
electron transfers.
The oxidation number of an element in a
simple binary ionic compound is the number
of electrons gained or lost by an atom of
that element when it forms the compound

Some rules for assigning

oxidation numbers

H2, O2 (oxidation number is zero)

Ca2+ (oxidation number is +2)

NaCl (the sum of the oxidation
numbers of all atoms in a compound is
zero)
SO42- (polyatomic ions) (the sum is -2)

F has an oxidation number of -1 in its

compound

H has an oxidation number of +1 in

compounds unless it is combined with
metals (NaH, CaH2) its oxidation
number is -1.
Oxygen usually has an oxidation
number of -2 in its compounds (some
exceptions: peroxides, H2O2 (-1);
superoxides, KO2 (-1/2); OF2 (+1/2))
The position of the element in the
periodic table helps to assign its
oxidation number:

Example
Determine the oxidation number of
N in the following species:
(a) N2O4, (b) NH3, (c)HNO3, (d) NO3-,
(e) N2

Naming some inorganic

compounds

Naming binary compounds: binary

compounds consist of two elements
Binary ionic compounds
The cation is named first and the
anion second
The oxidation number of the metal is
indicated by a Roman numeral (IUPAC)
An older method, still in use, uses ous and ic suffixes to indicate lower
and higher oxidation numbers,
respectively. This system can
distinguish between only two different
oxidation numbers for a metal.

Examples

CuCl
CuCl2
FeO
FeBr3

Hg2Cl2

HgCl2

Binary molecular
compounds

Using prefix system for both

elements
The prefixes are: mono-, di-, tri-,
tetra...
Examples N2O4, Cl2O7, CS2, SF4, SF6

Binary acids

HCl(g), (aq)
HF(g), (aq)
H2S(g), (aq)
HCN(g), (aq)

Naming ternary acids and

their salts

A ternary compound consists of 3

elements
Ternary acids (oxoacids) are
compounds of hydrogen, oxygen
and a nonmetal. Nonmetals that
have more than one oxidation
number form more than one
ternary acid (Ex. H2SO4, H2SO3)

Formulas of some common -ic

acid

Group IIIA: H3BO3 (boric acid)

Group IVA: H2CO3 (carbonic acid),

H4SiO4 (silicic acid)

Group VA: HNO3 (nitric acid), H3PO4

(phosphoric acid), H3AsO4 (arsenic
acid)
Group VIA: H2SO4, H2SeO4 (selenic
acis), H6TeO6 (telluric acid)

Group VIIA: HClO3 (chloric acid), HBrO3,

HIO3

In case one or more acidic

hydrogen atoms remain
Use the word hydrogen or
dihydrogen to show the number
of
Example: Name the following
compounds
NaHSO4, NaHSO3, KH2PO4, K2HPO4,
NaHCO3

Name the followings

Oxidation number

Name

HClO4

+7

per-

HClO3
acid
HClO2

+5

chloric

+3

chlorous

HClO

+1

hypo-

Naming ternary acids and their

anions
Ternary acid
perXXXic acid
XXXic acid
XXXous acid
hypoXXXous acid

Anion
perXXXate
XXXate
XXXite
hypoXXXite

Decreasing oxidation number

Decreasing number of oxygen
of central atom
atoms on central atom

Classifying chemical
reactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Oxidation-reduction reactions
Combination reactions
Decomposition reactions
Displacement reactions
Metathesis reactions

Oxidation-reduction
reaction

Oxidation is an increase in oxidation

number and corresponds to the loss
of electrons. Reduction is a decrease
in oxidation number and
corresponds to a gain of electrons.
Oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously. (In brief, the
reaction is called redox reaction)
Ex: Fe(s) + O2(g)
Fe2O3(s)

Oxidizing and reducing

agents

Oxidizing
1.

2.

3.

Oxidize other
substances
Contain atoms that
are reduced
Gain electrons

Example
Fe(s) + Cl2

Reducing
1.

2.

3.

Reduce other
substances
Contain atoms that
are oxidized
Lose electrons

FeCl3

Redox reaction
Disproportionation reaction is a
redox reaction in which the same
element is oxidized and reduced
Example
Cl2 + H2O
HCl + HClO

Combination reactions

Reactions in which two or more

substances combine to form a
compound are called combination
reactions

Example
Mg + F2

MgF2

Combination reactions
Element + Element
Compound
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
NaCl(s) (metal + nonmetal)

P4 + Cl2

PCl3 (nonmetal + nonmetal)

Compound + Element
PCl3(l) + Cl2(g)
PCl5(s)

Compound

Compound + Compound
Compound
CaO(s) + H2O (l)
Ca(OH)2 (aq)

Decomposition reactions

Decomposition reactions are those in

which a compound decomposes to
produce (1) two elements, (2) one or
more element and one or more
compounds, (3) two or more
compounds
Example
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Decomposition reaction

Compound
Compound
Element
Compound
Compound

Element + Element
Compound +
Compound +

Displacement reactions
Reactions in which one element
displaces another from a compound
are called displacement reactions
Example
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
Cu(s) +
ZnSO4(aq)

Displacement reaction
[More active metal + salt of less active metal]
[Less active metal + salt of more active metal]
[Active metal + nonoxidizing acid]
[Hydrogen +
salt of acid]
H2SO4 (should be in very dilute solution)

[Active nonmetal + salt of less active nonmetal]

[Less active nonmetal + salt of more active
nonmetal]
Each halogen will displace less active (heavier)
halogens
F2>Cl2>Br2>I2

Metathesis reactions
In many reactions between two compounds
in aqueous solution, the positive and
negative ions appear to change partners
to form two new compounds, with no
change in oxidation number. Such reactions
are called metathesis reactions
Example
AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq)
AgCl(s)+NaNO 3(aq)

Metathesis reactions
Acid-base (neutralization) reactions:
formation of nonelectrolyte
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
H2O(l) +
NaCl(aq)
Precipitation reactions

Exercise

(a)

(b)

(c)

Assign oxidation numbers to the

element specified in each group
of ions
P in PCl5, P4O6, P4O10, HPO3, H3PO3,
POCl3, H4P2O7, Mg3(PO4)2
Mn in MnO, MnO2, Mn(OH)2,
K2MnO4, KMnO4, Mn2O7.
O in OF2, Na2O, Na2O2, KO2

Exercise

(a)

Write each of the following formula unit equations

as net ionic equation if the two differ? For the
redox reactions, identify the oxidizing agent, the
reducing agent, the species oxidized and the
species reduced
heat
AgNO3(aq)
+ Cu(s)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

(b)

KClO3(s)

(c)

KCl(s) + KClO4

AgNO3(aq) + K3PO4(aq)
KNO3(aq)

Ag3PO4(s) +

Exercise

Balancing and Classifying reactions

(a)

Zn(s) + AgNO3(aq)

(b)
(c)
(d)

Ca(OH)2(s)
HI(g)

heat

heat

Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

CaO(s) + H2O(g)

H2(g) + I2(g)

Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq)
NaNO3(aq)

(e)

SO2(g) + H2O(l)

(f)

H2SO3(aq) + KOH(aq)

CuS(s) +

H2SO3(aq)
K2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Write the chemical formula or name of the following compounds