Cultural Industries

A Cultural Studies Perspective

Introduction to the Study of Culture

Cultural Studies as a discipline - Characteristics:

Study of cultural practices in relation to power

how power relationships influence and

shape cultural practices
Discipline used to understand culture in all its
complex forms and analyze its social and
political context
Inter-disciplinary and intra-disciplinary

Cultural Studies as a Discipline Characteristics:

Focus on the object of study and the

location or criticism and action

Committed to a moral evaluation of
society and a radical line of political
action
Not value free scholarship aims to
understand and change structures of
dominance

Example - Cultural Studies & ECEM/Cultural

Industries

The study of Entertainment and Cultural

Enterprise Management
Disciplinary focus music, film, fashion, theatre etc
Business focus Contracts, management, industrial
relations, creative work etc

Cultural Studies focus

Power relations regarding the disciplines
Moral evaluation
Political motivations, influences, contexts
Inter and intra disciplinary focus

First Cultural Studies Issue regarding

Cultural Industries

Cultural industries and

Creative Industries What are the
differences?

Cultural industries and Creative

Industries - What are the differences?
OConnor
deliberations on this issue have
indeed failed to adequately consider
the differences between cultural and
creative activities, and that this is
due at least in part to the
terminological clutter surrounding
the terms (2007, 20)

Cultural Industries
Those industries which produce tangible

or intangible artistic and creative

outputs, and which have a potential for
wealth creationand income
generation through the exploitation
of cultural assets and production of
knowledge-based goods and services
(both traditional and contemporary).
UNESCO

Creative Industries
Those industries that have their

origin in individual creativity,

skill and talent, and which have
a potential for wealth and job
creation through the generation
and exploitation of
intellectual property
DCMS (London)

Whats the difference?

Cultural Industries
Collective
Creative Industries
References culture
Individual
based assets
References
Knowledge based
intellectual property
goods
Generation and
More Institution
exploitation of
focused
creative goods and
services
More Market focused

And then..
Copyright Industries

Content Industries
Companies owning
that depend of
and providing mass
strong copyright
media and media
laws and effective
metadata music and
enforcement of
movies, text
publication of any
those laws for
kind, ownership of
their livelihood
standards, geographic
data ad metadata
about all of the above

Those industries

All looking basically at the same

disciplines and areas
Advertising
Architecture
Craft
Arts and antique markets
Design
Designer fashion
Film
Television and Radio
Publishing
Music
Performing Arts
Interactive Leisure Software
Software

Ideological Clutter
Galloway and Dunlop argue that despite the

increased interest in cultural industries in

both academic and policy circles over the past
20 years, there are currently few real
theoretical or policy models available.
ACP nation states - classifications vary from
country to country: the United Kingdom lists
13 areas, while Colombia recognises 16. Some
countries also include cultural tourism, for
example festival tourism or so-called ethnic
tourism. (2006:3)

Meanings
Stuart Hall explains
that culture and
cultural studies are
concerned with the
production and
exchange of
meanings and the
giving and taking of
meaning (2003, 2).

The Culture Industry 1930s/40s

Fathers of cultural studies

Frankfurt School
Criticized the commercialization
of culture in the mass society
period.
Argued that the
commodification of cultural
products served to standardize
art.
Argued that these products of
mass society were created to be
consumed by an uneducated
majority.

Why did they come to that

position?
Wrote in Post- Industrial Society
Emphasis in profit and economic

growth in Europe and America.

The lure of commercial gain was
paramount in the minds of policy
makers, media managers,
business interests and creators
of cultural products themselves.
Critical of commercialization of
culture
High/low culture

Why did they come to that position?

End of WW 2
Cold War
Ideological battle between

capitalism and communism

Communism - centralized,

command economy,
Capitalism based upon the
concept of the market and
advocates ownership of the
means of production and
exploitation of a subordinate
class through ownership of
the product of the labour

Term Went Underground and

resurfaced in the 1970s/80s as.
Cultural Industries

Plural
British policy lexicon in the

1970s and 80s

No reference to the Marxist
ideology
a convenient tool used by
practitioners and managers of
cultural and creative
organizations to persuade
governments to support arts
and culture, by outlining
possible economic benefits.

Cultural Scholars Critical of

Thatcherism
According to Hall

Thatcherism knows
no measure of the
good life other than
value for money. It
understands no other
compelling force or
motive in the definition
of civilization than the
forces of the free
market.

Cultural and Media

Economics
Canada, France,

USA
With the increasing

emphasis on media
in Britain and North
America as vehicles
of communication,
economists
applied the
principles of
economicsproper to the
examination of the

Richard Florida,
Economist

Richard
Caves,
Economist
Meige&Te
pper

Height of Imperialism
With Reagan, in

the White House

as Commander in
Chief, supply
side, laissez-faire
form of
Reaganomics
was adopted,
consistent with
the American
way.

End of the Cold War

Berlin Wall Came
down in 1989.
Wall in 1989.
Emphasis
changed to
phenomenon
called
Globalization that
continued into
the twenty first

Globalization
Process whereby

individual lives and

local communities are
affected by economic
and cultural forces that
operate worldwide. In
effect, he argues, it is
the world becoming a
single place.
(Hartley, 2000,110).

Creative Industries
Following 1998 election
victory, Tony Blair
created a new
Department of Culture,
Media and Sport (DCMS)
which was intended to
create policies to
facilitate the economic
development of 13
industries, which were
formally acknowledged

Advertising
Architecture
Craft
Arts and antique
markets
Design
Designer fashion
Film
Television and Radio
Publishing
Music
Performing Arts
Interactive Leisure
Software
Software

Creative Industries,
A product of convergence
activities which have
their origin in individual
creativity, skill and talent
and which have the
potential for wealth and job
creation through the
generation and exploitation
of intellectual property.
Creative Industries Mapping Document
(CIMD). UK, 1998

Six Cs of Creative Industries

reativity
ommercialization
ommercialism
onvergence
ontent
onduits

Creativity

A mysterious intangible.
The ability to invent and
imagine - synonymous
with intuition, invention,
discovery, innovation,
ingenuity and originality

Convergenc
e

The integration of
telephony, computing
and media
technologies, and
thence the integration
Of the businesses,
markets and
the social interactions
associated with them.
Hartley:2002:39

Convergence

Converged
Technologies
Information
Communication
Technology (ICTs)
Converged Cultural
Production, Processes
and Disciplines
Creative Industries
Converged Ideology

creativity, commerce and

culture

Creative Economy

$$$$$$$$$$
Commercialism and Commercialization

The pursuit of
profit above all
else,
associated
with large
scale, low cost
production of
goods and
services.

Process of
moving
towards
commercialis
m, associated
with
depolitization
to give rise
to neutral,

Neoliberal Model
proposes that human

well- being can best be

advanced by liberating
individual
entrepreneurial
freedoms and skills
within an institutional
framework
characterized by strong
private property rights,
free markets and free
trade.

Creative Industry
Policy
Adapted
and the variations
adopted by
Singapore
Thailand
Japan
New Zealand
Brazil
Australia
ACP

The Seventh C - Culture

Issue of culture became

important again and

returned to the
discussions hence the
return to the name
cultural industries.
Multiculturalism
Diversity
Culture as development

Postneoliberalism
a perspective on social,
political and/or
economic
transformations, on
shifting terrains of social
struggles and
compromises, taking
place on different
scales, in various
contexts and by
different actors.

Back to where we
started!!!!!!!
But creative and cultural industries are being

used interchangeably
The embrace of the neo-liberal by the creative

industries concept is antithetical to the

original concept resulting from Adornos
reaction to the impact of industrialization on
culture, resulting from the increasing postwar capitalist ideology in the postindustrial
period.

Other Cultural Industries

Where is the Caribbean

is all this????
Where is Africa in all this
Dont they have cultures
Dont they have cultural
industries?
THATS WHERE YOUR
CULTURAL STUDIES
RESEARCH COMES
IN..