Multiple access techniques

1-FDMA
2-TDMA
3-CDMA
4-OFDMA
5-DATA FRAMES
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FDMA
Strength

f1

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f2

f3

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TDMA
Strength

e
m
Ti

f1

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f2

f3

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Frequ
ency
3

CDMA
Strength

Frequency

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OFDM and CDMA

Communications Systems

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM)
- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Multiple Access Techniques

Lack of resources.
Trying to optimize the usage of the available ones.

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Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA)
The whole system spectrum is allocated for
single user for pre-defined burst of time.

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Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA)
Advantages
- More efficient use of spectrum,
compared to FDMA
- No need for precise narrowband filters
- Flexible bit rate
- Easy for mobile or base stations to
initiate and execute hands of
- Extended battery life
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Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA)
Disadvantages
- Requires network-wide timing
synchronization
- Multipath distortion

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Frequency Division Multiple Access

(FDMA)
Pre-defined band of the system spectrum
is allocated for single user all the time.

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Frequency Division Multiple Access

(FDMA)

Advantages
- Sub-bands can be treated as
independent systems
- Capacity increase can be obtained by
reducing the information bit rate and
using efficient digital code
- No need for network timing

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Frequency Division Multiple Access

(FDMA)
Disadvantages
- The presence of guard bands
- Requires right RF filtering to minimize
adjacent channel interference
- Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow
(30kHz)
- Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed
- Idle channels add to spectrum inefficiency
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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Code Division Multiple Access

(CDMA)
The whole system spectrum is
allocated for single user all the time.

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Spread Spectrum Technique

Spectrum: Power spectrum associated
with the base-band signal.
Spread Spectrum: Spreading the baseband spectrum over a given bandwidth.
Total energy under the power spectrum
curve remains the same after spreading
and amplitude may reach the noise level.

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Direct Sequence Spreading

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Direct Sequence De-Spreading

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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PN Sequences
Orthogonal Codes
Walsh Codes

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Immunity to Interference

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Advantages
- Greatest spectrum efficiency
- No absolute limit on the number of users
- Easy addition of more users
- Impossible for hackers to decipher the code
sent
- No sense of handof when changing cells Soft
Hand-of
- Simplified frequency planning
- Random Walsh codes enhance user privacy
- Precise power control increases talk time and
battery life for mobile phones
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Disadvantages
- As the number of users increases,
the overall quality of service
decreases
- Near- Far- problem arises
- Low ability of complying with
existing systems

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Multiple Access Techniques Comparison

TDMA

FDMA

CDMA

Spectrum
Efficiency

Medium

Low

High

Security

Low

Low

High

Backward
Compatibility

Medium

High

Low

Ease of
Implementati
on

High

High

Low

Frequency
Reuse

Same
frequency

Depends on
interference
level

Same
frequency

Transmission
Mode

Burst

Continuous

Continuous

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Applications
IS-95: The North American DS-CDMA
Standard (cdmaOne)
WCDMA (UMTS)
GPS

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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OFDM Modulation

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OFDM Modulation

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Outline

Multiple Access Techniques

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)
- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Basic System Architecture

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Basic System Architecture

zeros
r0

Serial to
parallel
converter

First Pilot sub-carrier

First Data Symbol

r171
r172
r173 =y0

First TPS sub-carrier

r206

IFFT

r1875 =y1511
Last Data Symbol
r1876
Last Pilot sub-carrier
r1877
r2047
zeros

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TPS and
Pilots

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Basic System Architecture

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Basic System Architecture

x1536
x2047
x0

IFFT

x1535
x1536

Parallel to
Serial
Converter

x2047
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Basic System Architecture

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Pilots

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Pilots

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Outline
Multiple Access Techniques
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
-

Spread Spectrum Technique

Direct Sequence Spreading/De-spreading
PN Sequences and orthogonal codes
Immunity to interference
Applications

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)
- FDM vs OFDM
- Basic System Architecture
- Applications
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Questions
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Applications

DAB
DVB-T/H
ADSL
VDSL2
WiMAX

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Data Frames
E1 Frame
T1 Fram

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E1 Frame

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STC

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T1 Frame

-- Each T1 line is split into 24 channels referred to as DS0's. Each

channel
is 8 bits wide and the frame is sent on a 8KHz boundary.
- Every frame has synchronization bit at the beginning (8000 Hz).
The data capacity is therefore (24x8x8000)+8000 = 1.544Mbits/sec.

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