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Data Communications
Data Communications
Data Communications
concerns the transmission of digital messages to
devices external to the message source
It is the aim of any communications system to
provide the highest possible transmission rate at the
lowest possible power and with the least possible
noise.
Data Communications
Data communications is much like regular
Communications Channels
Information sent through a communications
Communications Channels
Any communications channel has a direction
associated with it
The message source is the transmitter, and the
destination is the receiver.
Channel Types
Simplex
A channel whose direction of transmission is
unchanging
For example, a radio station is a simplex channel
because it always transmits the signal to its
listeners and never allows them to transmit back.
Half-Duplex
Full Duplex
Data Transmission
the physical transfer of data over a point-to-point or
Data Transmission
Serialized data is not generally sent at a uniform
rate through a channel
there is usually a burst of regularly spaced binary
data bits followed by a pause, after which the data
flow resumes.
timing information should be known by the receiver
to be synchronized with the transmitter
Failure to remain synchronized throughout a
transmission will cause data to be corrupted or lost
Types of Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
separate channels are used to
transmit data and timing information.
The timing channel transmits clock
pulses to the receiver.
Upon receipt of a clock pulse, the
receiver reads the data channel and
latches the bit value found on the
channel at that moment.
Synchronous Transmission
The data channel is not read again until the next
clock pulse arrives.
Because the transmitter originates both the data
and the timing pulses, the receiver will read the data
channel only when told to do so by the transmitter
(via the clock pulse), and synchronization is
guaranteed.
Synchronous Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
a separate timing channel is not used.
The transmitter and receiver must be preset in
advance to an agreed-upon baud rate.
A very accurate local oscillator within the receiver
will then generate an internal clock signal that is
equal to the transmitter's within a fraction of a
percent.
Even Parity
Parity Bit
1
0
Example
Parity Bit
Checksum
Checksum Computation
Hamming Code
a linear error-correcting code named after its
inventor, Richard Hamming.
Hamming codes can detect up to two simultaneous
bit errors, and correct single-bit errors; thus, reliable
communication is possible when the Hamming
distance between the transmitted and received bit
patterns is less than or equal to one.
Correcting Errors
Error detection
Positive acknowledgment
Packet passed error checking routine
Negative acknowledgment
Packet failed the error-checking routine
Retransmission
If receiver has not received the packet within a certain period
of time
Negative acknowledgment
Flow Control
Sliding Window
Sliding Window
Sliding Window
This results in higher transfer rates, as the sender
may send multiple packets without waiting for each
packet's acknowledgement.
The Receiver advertises a window size that tells the
sender how much data it can receive, in order for
the sender not to fill up the receivers buffers.
End of Lecture.
MITM 205 Advance Computer Networks