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VECTOR CALCULUS
VECTOR CALCULUS
17.8
Stokes Theorem
In this section, we will learn about:
The Stokes Theorem and
using it to evaluate integrals.
2
INTRODUCTION
4
Fig. 17.8.1, p. 1129
INTRODUCTION
5
Fig. 17.8.1, p. 1129
STOKES THEOREM
Let:
S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface
bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth
boundary curve C with positive orientation.
F be a vector field whose components have
continuous partial derivatives on an open region
in 3 that contains S.
Then,
F dr curl F dS
S
STOKES THEOREM
STOKES THEOREM
F dr F T ds
C
and
curl F dS curl F n dS
S
Equation 1
STOKES THEOREM
curl
F
d
S
d
r
11
Then,
The unit normal is k.
The surface integral becomes a double integral.
Stokes Theorem becomes:
12
13
STOKES THEOREM
Proof
Proof
16
Fig. 16.8.2, p. 1129
Proof
17
Proof
S is a graph of a function.
18
ProofEquation 2
curlF dS
S
R Q z P R z Q P
dA
y z x z x y x y
D
Proof
Suppose
x = x(t)
y = y(t)
atb
20
Proof
F dr
dx
dy
dz
P Q R dt
a
dt
dt
dt
b
z dx z dy
dx
dy
P Q R
dt
a
dt
x dt y dt
dt
b
21
Proof
z dx
z dy
Q R dt
PR
x dt
y dt
z
z
P R dx Q R dy
C1
x
y
z
z
Q R P R dA
x
y
y
x
D
Proof
23
Proof
Thus, we get:
F dr
2
Q Q z R z R z z
z
x z x x y z x y
xy
D
2
P P z R z R z z
z
R
dA
yx
y z y y x z y x
24
Proof
F dr curl F dS
S
25
STOKES THEOREM
Evaluate
Example 1
F dr
where:
F(x, y, z) = y2 i + x j + z2 k
C is the curve of intersection of the plane
y + z = 2 and the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1.
(Orient C to be counterclockwise
when viewed from above.)
26
STOKES THEOREM
Example 1
evaluated directly.
C
F dr could be
27
Fig. 17.8.3, p. 1131
Example 1
STOKES THEOREM
We first compute:
curl F
x
2
y
y
x
1 2 y k
z
2
z
28
STOKES THEOREM
Example 1
STOKES THEOREM
Example 1
30
Fig. 17.8.3, p. 1131
Example 1
STOKES THEOREM
F dr curl F dS 1 2 y dA
S
1 2r sin r dr d
0
r
2 2 3 sin
d
0
1
2
sin d
2
3
0
12 2 0
31
STOKES THEOREM
Example 2
curl F dS
S
F(x, y, z) = xz i + yz j + xy k
S is the part of
the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
that lies inside
the cylinder
x2 + y2 =1
and above
the xy-plane.
32
Fig. 17.8.4, p. 1131
STOKES THEOREM
Example 2
33
Fig. 17.8.4, p. 1131
STOKES THEOREM
Example 2
34
Fig. 17.8.4, p. 1131
STOKES THEOREM
Example 2
0 t 2
Also, we have:
Example 2
STOKES THEOREM
curl F dS
F dr
F(r (t )) r '(t ) dt
0
3 0 dt 0
0
36
STOKES THEOREM
37
Equation 3
STOKES THEOREM
curl F dS
S1
F dr curl F dS
S2
38
CURL VECTOR
39
CURL VECTOR
v dr v T ds
C
40
CIRCULATION
Thus,
41
Fig. 17.8.5, p. 1132
CURL VECTOR
Now, let:
P0(x0, y0, z0) be a point in the fluid.
Sa be a small disk with radius a and center P0.
Then, (curl F)(P) (curl F)(P0) for all points
P on Sa because curl F is continuous.
42
CURL VECTOR
Ca
Sa
curl v P0 n P0 dS
Sa
curl v P0 n P0 a
43
CURL VECTOR
Equation 4
Thus, we have:
curl v P0 n P0
1
lim 2
a 0 a
Ca
v dr
44
45
46
Fig. 17.8.6, p. 1132
CLOSED CURVES
47
CLOSED CURVES
F dr 0
48
CLOSED CURVES
F dr curl F dS 0 dS
S
49
CLOSED CURVES
F dr 0
50