Plant Kingdom

PLANTS

Characteristics
Needs
Contributors
Importance
System of Classification

Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
- Many cells

Eukaryotic
- With little organs perform specific task

Cell walls
- Contain cellulose

Plant Characteristics
Autotrophic
- Make food by photosynthesis using
chlorophyll

Reproduce with spores and sex

cells
- Production of new plant

Plant Characteristics
Have cuticle
- Keep plants from drying out

Watermeal or Wolffia globosa

Worlds smallest flowering plant

General Sherman
Tallest tree in world

Rafflesia Arnoldii
Worlds largest flower

Atropa Belladonna
Worlds deadliest flower

Importance of Plants
Air

Importance of Plants
Food

Shelter

Importance of Plants
Fibers

Medicines

Importance of Plants
Food chain

Timber

Importance of Plants
Prevent soil erosion

Importance of Plants
Reduced pollution

Basic Needs of Plants

Temperature
Light
Water
Air
Room to grow
Nutrients

Contributors
Theophrastus
- Father of Botany
- based on the shapes of leaves

Dioscorides
- Greek physician
- according to their medicinal value

Contributors
Gaspard Bauhin
- Swiss botanist
- first to begin naming plants using
two-part Latin names

Carolus Linnaeus
- Swedish botanist
- Father of modern Taxonomy

Contributors
John Ray
- base on more detailed examination of plant
parts and their hypothetical evolutionary
relationship

System of Classification
2 Systems of Plant Classification
1. Natural system based on evolutionary relationships among plants
2. Artificial system base on:
Size and Body Appearance
Trees woody perennial plants with a single stem or trunk
Shrubs plants with several stem arising at or near the ground
Herbs come with soft stem
Vines climbing plants

Trees

Herbs

Shrubs

Vines

Water Requirement
Xerophytes little amount of water
Mesophytes moderate amount of water
Hydrophytes abundant water
Habitat
Aquatic
Terrestrial
Aerial

Life Span
Annual 1 growing season
Biennial 2 yrs. complete life cycle
Perrenials live for many years
Ability to Manufacture Food
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

OF PLANTS

Plant Origin
Stages in Plants Life
Plant Reproduction
Plant Classifications

Plant Origin
Charyophyceans
- Evolved from streptophyte algae
(group of green algae)
- Ancestors of green plants

2 Stages in Plants Life

Sporophyte stage
diploid (2n)
plants produce spores
Gametophyte stage
haploid (n)
plants produce sex cells

Alternation of Generations

Plant Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
- produces offspring by the fusion ofgametes,
resulting in
offspring genetically different from the parent
or parents.

Asexual Reproduction

- produces new individuals without the fusion of

gametes,
genetically identical to the parent plants and
each other,
except when mutations occur.

Plant Classification
Divisions of Plant
Non Vascular
Vascular

- plants without system (xylem and

phloem)
- must be completely connected to the
ground
- from Latin word vasculum: duct
- also known as tracheophytes
- those that have vascular tissues
(tubes that transport water throughout the
cell).
- higher plants, form a large group of plants
that are

Two types of roots

- Taproot
- Fibrous

Plant Classification
4 Main Group

Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns (Pteridophytes)
Conifers (Gymnosperms)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
Plant
Non
Vascular
Mosses

Vascular

Ferns

Gymnosp
erm

Angiospe
rm

Plant Classification
Mosses - simplest plants

- no roots, no vascular tissue

- have rhizoids for anchorage

Plant Classification
Ferns - grow chiefly in moist, wooded regions
- reproduce by means of pores
- ferns leaves called fronds are made up of many
tiny leaflets and may be quite large

Plant Classification
Gymnosperm - produce naked or uncovered seeds
- must bear their seeds in cones
- do not produce flower

Plant Classification
Angiosperm

- flowering plants
- produce flowers and fruits
- they produce seeds that are enclosed in a protective
seed case

2 Divisions

Dicotyledon (dicot) have two cotyledons in

their seeds
Monocotyledon (monocot) grow from seeds
that contain a
seed leaf called
cotyledon

STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS

Plant Cell
Plant Tissues
Plant Organs
Plant Hormones

Plant Cell

Plant Tissue
Tissue is a group of cells that performs essentially the same function.

Classification of Tissue in Plants:

Meristematic Tissue have the ability to divide to form a new cell.
a. Apical meristem found at the tip of stems and roots
- helps in cellular enlargement and shape of mature plant.
b. Lateral meristem found at the sides of roots and stems.
- increasing the width or diameter of stems and roots.
c. Intercalary meristem found at the bases of young leaves and internodes.
- for lengthening of stems and leaves

Plant Tissue
Permanent Tissue mature cells lost their ability to divide.
a. Simple tissue composed of similar types of cells with common function.
Parenchyma for wound healing and regeneration of plants.
Collenchyma - controls the functions of young plants.
Sclerenchyma provide strength.

Plant Tissue
b. Complex tissue composed of 2 or more types of cells contribute to a
common function.
Xylem for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to all
parts of a plant.
-- also called as water-conducting cells.
Phloem - they transports dissolved organic food materials (sugars) from
the leaves to all parts of a plant.
- also called as sugar-conducting cells.

Movement of water through the stem

Xylem includes:
- Vessels
- Tracheids
- Wood fibers
Movement of food through the stem
Phloem includes :
- Sieve tube
- Companion cell
- Phloem fiber
- Phloem parenchyma

Plant Organs
Organ is a group of different tissues joined structurally and
cooperating functionally to perform a composite task.

4 Main Plant Organs

Stem
Roots
Leaf
Flowers

Plant Hormones
Hormones chemicals that regulate plants growth

AUXINS
-promote stem elongation, inhibit growth of lateral buds
Phototropism curving of the plant stem tip toward the light,
a plant movement

CYTOKININS
- promote cell division

 ABSCISINS
- promotes seed dormancy by inhibiting cell growth.
- it is also involved in opening and closing of stomata as leaves wilt.

ETHYLENE
- is a gas produced by ripe fruits.
- is used to ripen crops at the same time.

GIBBERELLINS
- promote stem elongation.

References:
Concepts in biology 9th edition Enger/ross
World Encyclopedia
www.Wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.com