KULIAH

PENDAHULUAN

BIOKIMIA

Apakah BIOKIMIA itu?

Definisi biokimia:
the study of the structure, composition, and chemical
reactions of substances in living systems (ACS).

Biokimia dapat dikatakan penggabungan ilmu

kimia dan biologi.

Ilmu dasar untuk memahami berbagai reaksi kimia

di dalam sel, mulai dari masuknya nutrisi ke dalam
sel, pengolahannya menjadi energi, sampai proses
pengolahan dan ekskresi limbah metabolismenya.

Apa yang dipelajari dalam

BIOKIMIA?

Struktur kimia dan bentuk tiga dimensi

molekul biologi
Interaksi antar biomolekul
Sintesis dan degradasi biomolekul dalam sel
Perolehan dan pemanfaatan energi oleh sel
Mekanisme pengorganisasian biomolekul
dan pengkoordinasian aktivitasnya
Penyimpanan, pemindahan dan ekspresi
informasi genetik

Ilmu yang membutuhkan

dasar-dasar BIOKIMIA

Genetika, biologi sel

Fisiologi dan imunologi
Farmakologi dan farmasi
Toksikologi, patologi, mikrobiologi
Zoologi dan botani

What does the

Biochemistry discuss?
structure and function of cellular components

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other

biomolecules

Metabolism and Regulation

Gene expression and modulation
DNA

RNA

Protein

Principles of Biochemistry

Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are

highly organized and constant source of energy is

required to maintain the ordered state.
All organisms use the same type of molecules:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.
Living processes contain thousands of chemical
pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these
pathways are required to maintain life.
Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments
for each organism is encoded in their DNA.

Cells

Basic building blocks of life

Smallest living unit of an organism
A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it
may be one of billions of cells that make up the
organism (multicellular).
Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to
their environment

Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

a typical cell size is 10m; a typical cell mass is

1nanogram.)

Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before;
karyon-nucleus) include various
bacteria

lack a nucleus or membrane-bound

structures called organelles

Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true;

karyon-nucleus) include most other

cells (plants, fungi, & animals)

have a nucleus and membrane-bound

organelles

Cell membrane & cell wall

Nucleoid region contains the DNA
Contain ribosomes (no membrane)

Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm with organelles

Characteristic of Bio-membranes and Organelles

Plasma Membrane-Cells defining boundary
Providing a barrier and containing transport
and signaling systems.
Nucleus Cells information center
Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the
nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA replication
and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is a site for
synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome
Mitochondria- the power generators
Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondrosgranule): Surrounded by a double membrane with a series
of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production
through metabolism. Contains its own DNA.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The transport network for

molecules

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough"
appearance) which are in the process of
synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in
membranes.
Ribosomes
Protein and RNA complex responsible for
protein synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.

Golgi apparatus -process and package the

macromolecules.
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry
materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus.
Vesicles move between the stacks while the
proteins are "processed" to a mature form.

Lysosomes-contain digestive enzyme

A membrane bound organelle that is responsible
for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.
Cytoplasm
enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion
called cytosol and it houses the membranous
organelles.

BIOMOLEKUL

BIOMOLEKUL

1. Sebagian besar massa sel terbentuk dari unsur:

Hidrogen
Oksigen
Nitrogen
Karbon

2. Sisanya disebut trace element, berperan dalam fungs

spesifik dan jumlahnya sangat kecil

Apa itu BIOMOLEKUL?

Biomolekul: molekul organik yang dibuat

oleh organisme hidup (Karbohidrat, Protein,

Lemak, DNA, senyawa bahan alam)

Molekul dalam sistem hidup:

Dibagi atas

Makromolekul (Karbohidrat, Protein, Lipid,

Asam Nukleat)

Mikromolekul (as amino, glukosa)

Metabolit primer ada di semua sistem hidup

Dibagi atas
Metabolit sekunder fungsi khusus

Contoh-contoh Biomolekul

Molekul berukuran kecil:

Lipid, fosfolipid, glikolipid, sterol,
Vitamin
Hormon, neurotransmitter
Monomer:
Asam Amino
Nucleotida
Monosakarida
Polimer:
polypeptides, proteins
Asam Nukleat, yaitu DNA, RNA
polisakarida

Bagaimana biomolekul dapat membuat

makhluk hidup menjadi hidup?
Serangkaian proses kimia secara berurutan dan
terkendali yang mengubah senyawa kompleks
menjadi sederhana dan senyawa sederhana
menjadi senyawa lebih kompleks

Senyawa
penyusun

gula
sederhana
asam amino
nukleotida
asam lemak

Catabolism

Anabolism
Makromolekul

polisakarida
Protein
(polipeptida)
RNA atau
DNA
Lipid