Professional Documents
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nominal
No
Yes
Correlation Analysis: r
No
Yes
Chi-Square Analysis: 2
Regression Analysis: R
Log-Linear Analysis
Logistic Regression
College
GPA
Regression Line
A line in which the squared distances
of the points from the line are
minimized. (least square methods)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
High School
GPA
Positive Linear
Negative Linear
Curvilinear
X
Y
Curvilinear
Independent
2.4
r = Z
ZY
N 1
[(4-3)(4-2.4)]2 + ...
( X X )(Y Y )
[ ( X X ) ][ (Y Y )
2
(4-3)2 + ...
4 x 4 + 4 x 3 + ...
=
Task 1: compute r
(4-2.4)2 + ...
4+4+3+2+2
X Y
5
N
2
2
X
Y
2
2
X
Y
N
N
4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 3 x 3 ...
4+3+2+2+1
XY
4 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 ...
Interpretation of r
-1< r <1
If the relationship between X and Y are positive:
If the relationship between X and Y are negative:
0<r<1
-1 < r < 0
Reporting Correlations
r(Number of Participants) = Correlation Coefficient r, p < p value.
As predicted by the research hypothesis, the variable of optimism
and reported health behavior were (significantly) positively correlated
in the sample (the data), r(20) = .52, p < .01
Limitation
1. Cases in which the correlation between X and Y that have
curvilinier relationships
r=0
2. Cases in which the range of variables is restricted.
Example. SAT scores and college GPA
3. Cases in which the data have outliers
Restriction of Range
r > |.99|
Limitation (visual)
Curviliniar
Small Range
Outlier
No
Northerner
45 (.225)
Southerner
55 (.275)
45 (.225)
55 (.275)
fe
Task 2 computation 2
2 =
X=
( fo fe )2
f
e
22.5
27.5
22.5
27.5
Interpretation of 2
Go to Table E in Appendix E.
Degree of Freedom (df):
(Level of variable 1 - 1) X (Level of variable 2 -1)
Number of Participants
See the value at the intersection between Alpha p < .05 and df
If 2 is greater than the value in Table E, the contingency table
is significantly differ from the expectation.
If 2 is greater than the value in Table E, the contingency table
is not significantly differ from the expectation.