3-WCDMA Handover Principal

Internal
WCDMA Handover
Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Why mobile systems need handover?
It is decided by the characters of

mobile system:
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed
by cells which the coverage ability
is limited.
Providing the continuous service
in mobile system is the basic
element in QoS.
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Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will
be able to:
The basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover
Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers
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The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is
the basic element in QoS.

The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high
efficiency of using resource
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The Basic Concepts of Handover

Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Event reporting to Periodic reporting

Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
maximum ratio combination
selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
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The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)

Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)
According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)
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The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in
active set after handover
Several
One
Interruption during
handover
No
Yes
The frequencies of cells
Only happened in
Intra-frequency cells
Can be happened in Intrafrequency cells or Interfrequency cells
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The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in

NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover
they are combined in RNC by selection combination.
Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination can get
more gain. So the performance of maximum ration combination
is better.
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not
consume transport resource of Iub.
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Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
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Softer Handover
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
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Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
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Three Steps of Handover
Measurement
Decision
Execute
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2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode
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Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
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Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
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Measurement Report
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
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2.4 Compressed mode
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The Basic Concepts of Measurement

The measurement values of Handover
Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP, CPICH

Ec/N0, Path loss
Inter-frequency CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Inter-system GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation
The reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events 1A,1B,1C,1D,1F

Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events 3A,3C
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Measurement Model
parameters
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
C
C'
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Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
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Reporting Criterion
Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :

Path Loss
10 LogM New W 10 Log
NA
M
i 1
(1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
Other measurement
i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),

i
10 LogM New W 10 Log
NA
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Key Parameters
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2.4 Compressed mode
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Intra-frequency Measurement Events

All intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with 1X :
1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When the

active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the
primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D : The best cell changes;
1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the
absolute threshold
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Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X
2B : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than

a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2C : The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2D : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold
2F : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold
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Inter-system Measurement Events

Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3X
3A : The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN

frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the
other system is higher than a certain threshold;
3C : The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold ;
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2.4 Compressed mode
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The Purpose of Compressed mode

Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under

FDD mode
Categories :
Downlink compressed:
Uplink compressed
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Compressed Mode Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms)
Transmission gap available for

inter-frequency measurements
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The realization Methods of Compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Rate matching/puncturing
Higher layer scheduling
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3.1 Soft Handover
3. 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover
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Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells---active set.

The handover among different cells which are in same RLS
can be softer handover.
Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink
Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
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Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

Advantages
Soft handover gain

Load balance
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource

of BE service.
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative.
When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will
bring side-effect.
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Measurement of Soft Handover

The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
Measurement value CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/No Pathloss

Process of Measurement Layer 1 filter, Layer 3 filter
Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type 1A 1B 1C 1D 1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold,
Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
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The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover
Soft/softer handover decision
1A : Radio Link Addition

1B : Radio Link Removal
1C : Combined Radio Link Addition
and Removal
1D : change best cell
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The Execution of Soft Handover

Soft handover execution
The update principal of measurement control

Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters
according to best cell
RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement report
The compensation and restriction of soft handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
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Soft Handover Flow (add RL)
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Soft Handover Flow (del RL)
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Key Parameters
Relative threshold
Time to trigger
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Absolute threshold of soft handover
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3.1 Soft Handover
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The Characters of Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover

Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Advantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference

Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam (only
happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such as
code resource condition, the QoS condition and so on.
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Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

UE
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
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Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE speed
UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE

service is less than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the
speed of BE service is greater than the threshold.
The parameters about 1D event:
time to trigger, hysteresis

The parameters should be set accord with the Qos
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3.1 Soft Handover
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The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Characters
The working frequency is different after handover

The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one
receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used
for hard handover
Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Hierarchy cells
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Measurement Values and Events

The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement
values
Measurement values:
CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/N0
Different handover purpose for different
measurement type:
In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No
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Compressed Mode Initiation

Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event : The estimated quality value of the used

frequency is lower than a certain threshold
Conditions for Measurement stopping
2F event : The estimated quality value of the used

frequency is higher than a certain threshold
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Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE Moving Speed

When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed
estimation algorithm is initiated

Handover events in a while decides whether the speed
of UE satisfies the current cell hierarchy condition
UEs moving speed decided the result.
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Decision Algorithm
The inter-frequency hard handover decision
The coverage triggers the handover

2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than
absolute threshold, but the quality in another nonused frequency is higher than another absolute
threshold.
The load triggers handover
2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an
absolute threshold
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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Signaling Flow

UE
Target
NODEB
Source
NODEB
SRNC
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
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Page 52
Key Parameters (I)

Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:
Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or event

reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger time
and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain
and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold of
target cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
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Key Parameters (II)
Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by
non-coverage ability
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter
coefficient, delay trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency handover based on noncoverage ability
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3.1 Soft Handover
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The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard Handover

WCDMA FDD < >GSM

Characters
Different radio access technology is used after handover

Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement
Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old equipments(2G>3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for equipments

Demands more complicated UE
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Compressed Mode Initiated

The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter
Measurement reporting
Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
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Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by coverage
Event reporting:
3A event The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN
frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other
system is higher than a certain threshold .
Periodic reporting:
Evaluation According to the periodic reported GSM RSSI
measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of
GSM system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the GSM RSSI of
target cell is greater than the absolute threshold, then consider
the cell confirmed by BSIC.
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Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other
system is higher than a absolute threshold.
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Inter-system Handover Flow

UE
Node B
SRNC
CN
1. Relocation
Required
6. Relocation
Command
MSC
2. Prepare
Handover
5. Prepare
Handover
Response
BSC
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete
12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete
11. Send
End
Signal
Request
10. Handover
Complete
14. Send End

Signal Response
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Page 60
Key Parameters (II)

Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage parameters
The period of inter-system measurement report

The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the
CS, PS, signaling separately
Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with acknowledged and
unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and
hysteresis
Penalty time
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Thank You
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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Why mobile systems need handover?

It is decided by the characters of

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you will

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is

the basic element in QoS.

efficiency of using resource

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Basic Concepts of Handover

Event reporting to Periodic reporting

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Categories of Handover

Soft handover (softer handover)

All rights reserved

The Characters of Different Handovers

The frequencies of cells

Can be happened in Intrafrequency cells or Interfrequency cells

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The Characters of Different Handovers

During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Three Steps of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Measurement Control, normal case

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Measurement Control, normal case

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Measurement Control, normal case

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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The Basic Concepts of Measurement

Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP, CPICH