TRANSPORTATI

ON SYSTEMS

3.0

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

3.1 Elevators and

Dumbwaiters
3.1.1 Definition of Elevator
Are generally used in buildings
where several peak periods of traffic
occur each day, (ie. In office
buildings, hospitals, apartment
buildings)

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.2 Types of Elevators
1. Electric elevators

Bulkhead
Penthouse

Hoisting Machinery
Control Panel

Top Car Clearance

Driving Sheave

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors

Idle Sheave
Hoistway

Hoisting Cable

3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

Machine Beam

Bank

Landing
Guide Rail

Elevator Car Safety

Traveling Cable

Rise

Hoistway Door
Counterweight

Limit Switch

Elevator Pit
Bottom Car Clearance

Buffer

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

2. Oil-hydraulic elevators
Car Frame
The structural steel
frame of an elevator
car to which are
attached the platform,
guide shoes, elevator
car safety, hoisting
cables and control
equipment

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

Machine Room
A room housing the
hoisting machinery,
control equipment, and
sheaves for raising and
lowering an elevator car

Lantern
A light, usually over the entrance to an
elevator on each floor of a multistory
building that signals the approach of the
elevator
Annunciator
A signaling apparatus in an
elevator car or at a landing that
displays a visual indication of floor
landings
Call Button
A pus button for requesting an
elevator
Door Interlock
A safety device for preventing the
operation of an elevator car unless
the hoistway door is locked in the
closed position

Door Contact
A safety device for preventing the operation of
an elevator car unless its door or gate is fully
closed

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.3 Parts of an Electric
Elevator

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1. Shaft
vertical passageway for car and
counterweights.
2. Car
a cage of light metal supported on a
structural frame, the top member of
which the cables, that carry the car,
are fastened.
3. Cables
are the means for lifting or lowering
the car, usually 3 to 8 cables placed
in parallel fastened to top of car by
cable sockets passing over a motor
driven cylindrical sheave to the
counterweights.

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

4. Counterweights

9. Safety Devices

these are rectangular blocks of cast iron

stacked in one frame which is fastened to
the opposite ends of the cables to which
the car is fastened.

a) Main Brake
mounted directly on the shaft of the
elevator machine.

5. Guide Rails
are vertical tracks that guide the car and
the counterweights.

6. Machine Room
a room usually placed directly above the
shaft in which the elevator machine is
housed. It contains the motor-generator
(MG) set which supplies energy to the
elevator machine, the control board and
the control equipment.

b) Safety Switch
is designed to stop an elevator car
automatically before car speed becomes
excessive. On overspeed, the speed
governor will cut off power to the motor
and set the brake.

7. Elevator Machine
turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the
car.

8. Controls
a combination of push buttons, contacts,
relays, and devices, operated manually or
automatically to initiate door opening,
starting acceleration, retardation, leveling
and stopping of the car.

This usually stops the car, but should

speed still increase, the governor will
actuate rail clamps mounted at the
bottom of the car one on each side. This
will clamp the guide rails bringing the car
to a switch stop.

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

c) Electric Final Limit Switches

are located a few feet below and above
safe travel limits of elevator car. If car
over-travels, either down or up, these
switches de-energizes the motor and sets
the main brake.
d) Oil or Spring Buffers
are placed at the bottom of the elevator
pit, not to stop a falling car, but to bring it
to a partially cushion stop if the car
should overshoot the lower terminal.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

3.1.4 Methods of Arranging

Elevator Machines,
Sheaves and Ropes
1) Single Wrap Traction Machine
supporting cables pass over the
sheave in grooves and connect to
the counterweights. The lifting power
is exerted by the sheave through the
traction of the cables in the grooves.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
2) One-to-One Double Wrap
Traction Machine
cables first wrap over the traction
sheave T, then around the
secondary or idler sheave S, and
once more going around T and S to
the counterweights. This provides
greater traction and is used in many
automatic high-speed installations.

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

3) Two-to-One Double Wrap

Traction Machine (for freight
elevators)
This 2:1 roping, has a mechanical
advantage of 2, which results in a
high-speed, low-power and
therefore, low-cost traction machine.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4) Underslung System
is used where the elevator machine
is located at the basement.

3.0

3.1.5 Types of Elevator

Machines
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1) Gearless Traction Machine

consists of a DC motor, the shaft of
which is directly connected to the
brake wheel and to the driving
sheave. The elevator cables are
placed around this sheave. This type
of machine is used for medium and
high speed elevators for office and
residential condominiums of 10
stories or more; where high speeds
and smooth quality operation are
desired.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
2) Geared Traction Machine
this type of machine employs a
worm and gear between the driving
motor and the sheave. It is
considered to be less superior to the
gearless traction machine since it
has more moving parts and requires
more maintenance. Used for low
and medium speed passenger and
freight elevators.

3.0

3.1.6 Systems of Elevator

Controls
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1) Single Automatic Push Button

Control
this is the simplest of passenger
operated automatic control system.
It handles only one call at a time
providing an uninterrupted trip for
each call.
2) Collective Control
control is arranged to collect all
waiting up calls on the trip up and all
waiting down calls on the trip down.
The control system, stalls all calls
until they are answered and
automatically reverses the direction
of travel at the highest and the
lowest calls. When all calls have
been cleared, the car will remain at
the floor of its last stop awaiting the
next call.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3) Electronic Group Supervisory
Dispatching and Control
this system is used to control not
only single elevators but an entire
group or bank of cars. During peak
periods, all cars are in operation;
automatically, the system shuts
down successively cars as the
number of passengers reduces and
return them to service as the
number of passengers again
increases to a high peak.
The system of Otis Elevator
Company is called autotronic
elevatoring. The system of
Westinghouse Electric Co. is called
the selectomatic elevator system.

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1.7 Oil Hydraulic

Elevators
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

also called plunger elevators. It is

raised by means of a movable rod nor
plunger rigidly fixed to the bottom of
the car. The system is hydraulic and
operates the same way as a hydraulic
automobile jack. Oil from a reservoir is
pumped under the plunger thereby
raising it and the car. The pump is
stopped during downward motion, the
car being lowered by gravity and
controlled by action of bypassed
valves which also controls the
positioning of the car during the
upward motion.
The absence of cables, drums, MG set
and penthouse equipment, makes this
system inexpensive and often the
choice for low speed, low rise
applications where construction of the
plunger pit does not present difficulties
and where absence of a penthouse is
desirable.

rail

car

guide shoe

plunger

motor
pump

buffer spring

3.0

3.1.8 Dumbwaiters
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.2 Escalators and

Conveyors

3.2.2 Parts of an Escalator

Installation

3.2.1 Definition of
Escalator

1) Truss
a welded steel frame which supports
the moving stairway equipment. It
comes in 3 sections: the middle
straight section maybe of any
desired length to provide rises of
different heights.

used where large numbers of people

are scattered throughout a given
area and on a large number of
floors. These people being
interested in moving about almost
constantly to various locations for
short periods of time. Thus traffic is
constantly on the move both up and
down. Examples are department
stores and terminal buildings.
Typical Specifications
Width of Escalator
Angle of inclination
Length or run
Speeds

= 32 and 48
= 30 degrees
= variable
= 90 fpm and
120 fpm

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters

2) Tracks
are steel angles attached to the
truss on which the step rollers are
guided thus controlling the motion of
the steps.

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4) Controller
consists of contactors, relays and a
circuit breaker. Usually located near
the drive machine, an emergency
stop button wired to the controller
and placed in or near the escalator,
will stop the drive machine and
apply the brake. Key operated
control switches, at the top and
bottom newels, will start, stop, and
reverse the direction of travel of the
stairway.
5) Handrail and Balustrade
Assembly
Rubbercovered
handrail

handrail guide

3) Sprocket Assemblies, Chains,

and Drive Machine
provide the motive power for the
unit. An emergency brake located on
the top sprocket will stop a loaded
escalator safely in the event of a
break in the chain.

longitudinal cording
canvas layers

inside balustrade

3.0

3.2.3 Safety Features of

Escalators
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1) Handrails and steps travel at the

same speed to ensure steadiness
and balance, and to aid naturally in
stepping on and off the comb plates.
2) Steps are large, steady, and are
designed to prevent from slipping.
3) Automatic controls of a service
brake will bring the stairway to a
smooth stop, if electric power or
mechanical parts should fail.
Passengers would then walk the
steps as they would any stationary
stairway.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4) In case of over-speed or underspeed, an automatic governor shuts
down the escalator, prevents
reversal of direction and operates
the service brake.
5) An emergency stop switch is
located near the comb plate which
may be manually operated to stop
the escalator. The electric controls
are also designed to shut down the
stairway, if by some accident, it is
caused to reverse direction.

3.0

3.2.4 Fire Protection

Systems of Escalators
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1) Rolling Shutter
This shuts off the well way at a given
floor, thus preventing draft and the
spread of fire upward through
escalator wells. The movement of
the shutter is actuated by
temperature and smoke relays.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

2) Spray Nozzle Curtain

are closely spaced, high-velocity
water nozzles which will, in the case
of fire, form a compact water curtain
to prevent smoke and flame from
rising through the well ways.
Automatic thermal or smoke relays,
open all nozzles simultaneously.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.0

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3) Smoke Guard

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

consists of fire proof baffles

surrounding the well way, extending
downward about 20 below ceiling
level. Smoke and flames rising
upwards, meet a curtain of water
from sprinkler heads surrounding the
baffles, which serves as a smoke
and flame deflector. Vertical shields
between adjacent sprinklers, ensure
that the spray from one will not cool
the nearby thermal fuses and
prevent the opening of adjacent
sprinklers.

3.0
4) Sprinkler Vent
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

Well way floor openings have a duct

on each floor equipped with a
number of smoke pick up relays. In
case of fire, these relays
automatically start the fans in the
fresh air intake, located on the roof,
driving air downward through the
well ways. Dangerous gases and
smoke are drawn in thru the ducts
and exhausted at the roof. The usual
spray nozzles on the ceiling around
the stair well aid in quenching the
fire.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.0

3.2.5 Moving Sidewalks or

Electric Walks
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

While escalators are used to

transport people vertically, electric
walks are used to transport people
horizontally at any inclination from 0
deg to 15 deg.
Typical applications
For exhibit halls, where
management desires that persons
move smoothly through or pass a
particular area without stopping or
boarding.
For airport terminals.
Typical Specifications
Standard width
= 27 and 36
Speeds
= 120 fpm and
180 fpm

Types of installations

Horizontal or level
Bi-level
Overpass installation
Underpass installation

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

People Mover
Any of various forms of mass transit, as
moving sidewalks or automated driverless
vehicles, used for shuttling people around
airports or in congested urban areas

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

Moving Sidewalk
A power-driven, continuously moving
surface, similar to a conveyor belt,
used for carrying pedestrians
horizontally or along low inclines

Inclined Lift
A platform mounted on a steel
guide rail and driven by an
electric motor used for raising
or lowering a person or
moving along a stairway. Also
called a stair lift

3.0

3.3 Chutes
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors

3.4 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems

Cage/Cab
An enclosure for housing the operator
and the hoisting mechanism, power plant
and equipment controlling a crane.

Capacity of Works, Project or Plant

3.4.1 Definitions

The total horsepower of all engines,

motors, turbines or other prime movers
installed, whether in operation or not.

Accidental Contact

Car

3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Any inadvertent physical contact with

power transmission equipment, prime
movers, machines or machine parts
which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned
action or movement.

Balustrades
The frames on either side of the moving
steps of an escalator.

Buffer
A device designed to stop a descending
car or counterweight beyond its normal
limit of travel by absorbing and
dissipating the kinetic energy of the car or
counterweight.

The load carrying unit of an elevator

including its platform, frame, enclosure
and door or gate.

Crane
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a
load and moving it horizontally, the
hoisting mechanism being an integral part
of the machine.

Dumbwaiter
A hoisting and lowering mechanism
equipped with a car not to exceed 3861
sqcm in area and a maximum height of
1.20m, the capacity of which does not
exceed 277 kilos, used exclusively for
carrying materials.

3.0
Elevator

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
otherwise removable doors or sections to
permit inspection, lubrication or proper
maintenance.

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors

A hoisting and lowering mechanism

equipped with a car or platform which
moves in guides in a vertical direction
serving two or more floors of a building or
structure. Movement of the car may be
controlled by gravitational, manual or
mechanical power.

3.3 Chutes

Elevator Landing

Guarded

That portion of a floor, balcony or platform

for loading or discharging passengers or
freight to or from the elevator.

Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected

by means of suitable enclosure guards,
covers or standard railings, so as to
preclude the possibility of accidental
contact or dangerous approach to
persons or objects.

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters

3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

Elevator Wire Ropes

Steel wire ropes attached to the car
frame or passing around sheaves
attached to the car frame from which
elevator/dumbwaiter cars and their
counterweights are suspended.

Enclosed
Means that the moving parts of a
machine are so guarded that physical
contact by any part of the human body is
precluded or prevented. This does not
however prohibit the use of hinged,
sliding or

Escalator
A power driven, inclined, continuous
stairway for raising or lowering
passengers.

Hoist
An apparatus for raising or lowering a
load by the application of a building force,
but does not include a car or platform. It
may be base-mounted, hook suspension,
monorail, overhead, simple drum type or
trolley suspension.

Hoistway
A shaftway for the travel of one or more
elevators or dumbwaiters.

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Machine

Process Machine

The driven unit of an equipment.

An equipment designed and operated for

a specific purpose.

Machine house
An enclosure for housing the hoisting
mechanism and power plant.

Machine Parts
Any or all moving parts of a machine.

Moving Walk
A type of horizontal passenger-carrying
device on which passengers stand or
walk, with its surface remaining parallel to
its direction of motion and is
uninterrupted.

Power Transmission Machinery

A shaft, wheel, drum, pulley, system of
fast and loose pulleys, coupling, clutch,
driving belt, V-belt sheaves and belts,
chains and sprockets, gearing, torque
connectors, conveyors, hydraulic
couplings, magnetic couplings, speed
reducers or increasers or any device by
which the motion of an engine is
transmitted to or received by another
machine.

Travelling Cable
A cable made up of electric conductors
which provides electrical connection
between an elevator or dumbwaiter car
and a fixed outlet in the hoistway.

3.4.2 Guarding of Moving

and Dangerous Parts
All prime movers, machines and
machine parts, power transmission
equipment shall be so guarded,
shielded, fenced or enclosed to
protect any person against exposure
to or accidental contact with
dangerous moving parts.

3.0

3.4.3 Cranes
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1. Access to the case or machine

house shall be by means of a
conveniently placed stationary
ladder, stairs or platforms requiring a
step-over that no gap exceeding 300
mm is allowed.
2. Adequate means shall be
provided for cranes having revolving
cables or machine houses, to permit
the operator to enter or leave the
crane cab and reach the ground
safely, irrespective of its position.
3. Cages, cabs or machine houses
on cranes shall be enclosed to
protect operator during inclement
weather.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4. A gong or other effective warning
device shall be mounted on each
cage or cab.
5. Temporary crane operation
without warning device may be
allowed provided there is a flagman
whose sole duty is to warn those in
the path of the crane or its load.
6. The maximum rated load of all
cranes shall be plainly marked on
each side of the crane. If the crane
has more than one hoisting unit,
each hoist shall have marked on it or
its load block, its rated capacity
clearly legible from the ground or
floor.

3.0

3.4.4 Hoists
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1. Operating control shall be plainly

marked to indicate the direction of
travel.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
5. Each electric hoist motor shall be
provided with an electrically or
mechanically operated brake so
arranged that the brake will be
applied automatically when the
power is cut off from the hoist.

2. Each cage controlled hoist shall

be equipped with an effective
warning device.

3.4.5 Elevators

3. Each hoist designed to lift its load

vertically shall have its rated load
legibly marked on the hoist or load
block or at some easily visible
space.

1. Hoistways for elevators shall be

substantially enclosed throughout
their height, with no openings
allowed except for necessary doors,
windows or skylights.

4. A stop, which shall operate

automatically, shall be provided at
each switch, dead end rail or
turntable to prevent the trolley
running off when the switch is open.

2. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not

be installed in hoistways, except
when necessary for the operation of
the elevators.

3.0

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

3. Hoistway pits shall be of such

depth that when the car rests on the
fully compressed buffers, a
clearance of not less than 600 mm
remains between the underside of
the car and the bottom of the pit.
4. When four or more elevators
serve all or the same portion of a
building, they shall be located in not
less than two (2) hoistways and in
no case shall more than four (4)
elevators be located in any one
hoistway.
5. Where a machine room or
penthouse is provided at the top of a
hoistway, it shall be constructed with
sufficient room for repair and
inspection. Access shall be by
means of an iron ladder or stairs
when the room is more than 600 mm
above the adjacent floor or roof

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
surface. The angle of inclination of
such ladder or stairs shall not
exceed 60 from the horizontal. This
room shall not be used as living
quarters or depository of other
materials and shall be provided with
adequate ventilation.
6. Minimum number of hoisting
ropes shall be three (3) for traction
elevators and two (2) for drum.
7. The minimum diameter of
hoisting and counterweight ropes
shall be 30 mm.
8. Elevators shall be provided with
overload relay and reverse polarity
relay.
9. In high rise apartments or
residential condominiums of more
than five (5) stories, at least one
passenger elevator shall be kept on
24 hour constant service.

3.0

3.4.6 Escalators
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

1. The angle of inclination of an

escalator shall not exceed 35 from
the horizontal.
2. The width between balustrades
shall not be less than 558 mm nor
more than 1.20 m. This width shall
not exceed the width of the steps by
more than 330 mm.
3. Solid balustrades of
incombustible material shall be
provided on each side of the moving
steps. If made of glass, it shall be of
tempered type glass.
4. Each balustrade shall be
provided with a handrail moving in
the same direction and at the same
speed as the steps.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
5. The rated speed, measured
along the angle of inclination, shall
be not more than 38 mpm.
6. Starting switches shall be key
operated and located within sight of
escalator steps.
7. Emergency buttons shall be
conspicuously and accessibly
located at or near the top and
bottom landings but protected from
accidental contact.

THANK YOU!

THE END

TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS

END