Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PEOPLE
by Stephen R. Covey
Habit 1: Be Proactive
Ability to control ones environment, rather that have it
control you.
Taking initiative doesnt mean being aggressive, it
means recognizing your responsibility to make things
happen
Habit 2: Begin with the end in mind
The habit of personal leadership
Lead oneself towards what you consider your aims
Based on imagination the ability to envision, to see
the potential, to create with our minds what we cannot at
present see with our eyes
Habit 3: Put First Things First
The habit of personal management
Create a clear, mutual understanding of what needs to
be accomplished, focusing on what, not how;
results
not methods
Spend time. Be patient. Visualize the desired result
1 drop = 1/20 mL
1 teaspoonful = 5 mL
1 tablespoonful = 15 mL
1 wineglassful = 60 mL = 2 ounces
1 glassful = 250 mL = 8 ounces
1 grain = 60 mg
Paracetamol Drops
1 pint = 500 mL
wt: move 1 decimal
1 quart = 1000 mL
point to
the left
1 ounce = 30 mL
AgeWt
1 Kg = 2.2 lbs
110kg
1 lb = 0.45359 Kg
212
314
416
518
620
BODY TEMPERATURE
Subnormal
Normal
Subfebrile
Fever
High fever
Hyperpyrexia
AGE
Preterm
Term
0-3 mo
3-6 mo
6-12 mo
1-3 yrs
3-6 yrs
6-12 yrs
12-17 yrs
<36.6C
37.4C
35.7 38.0C
38.0C
>39.5C
>42.0C
HR (bpm)
120-170
120-160
100-150
90-120
80-120
70-110
65-110
60-95
55-85
BP (mmHg)
55-75/35-45
65-85/45-55
65-85/45-55
70-90/50-65
80-100/55-65
90-105/55-70
95-110/60-75
100-120/60-75
110-135/65-85
RR (cpm)
40-70
30-60
35-55
30-45
25-40
20-30
20-25
14-22
12-18
ABG
pH:
pCO2:
pO2:
7.35-7.45
35-45
80-100
HCO3: 22-26mEq/L
B.E.:
+/- 2mEq/L
O2 sat: 97%
RBC
NB
4.8-7.1
Infant
3.8-5.5
WBC
9-30,000 6-17,500
Neutrophils
61%
61%
Lymphocytes
31%
32%
Hgb (gm %)
14-24
11-20
Hct (%)
44-64
47
Platelets
140-300
(thou/mm3)
Reticulocyte 2.6-6.5
Count (%)
Bleeding time 1-5 min
Clotting time 5-8 min
Prothrombin 12-20
time (sec)
Child
3.8-5.
Adolescent
M: 4.6-6.2
F: 4.2-5.4
5-10,000
6-10,000
60%
30%
11-16
60%
30%
M: 14-18
F: 12-16
M: 40-54
F: 37-
35-49
31-46
200-423
150-450
150-450
0.5-3.1
0-2
0-2
1-6
5-8
12-14
1-6
5-8
12-14
1-6
5-8
12-14
BMI
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
at risk
Obese I
Obese II
Asian
<18.5
18.5 22.9
23.0
23 24.9
25 29.9
30
Caucasian
<18.5
18.5 24.9
25 29.9
30 39.9
>40
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
Preterm
GCS SCORING
APGAR
EXPANDED PROGRAM ON
IMMUNIZATION
Etiology of AGE
Bacteria
Aeromonas
Bacillus cereus
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
Escherichia coli
Plesiomonas shigelbides
Salmonella
Shigella
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio cholerae 01 & 0139
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yersinia enterocolitica
Parasites
Balantidium coli
Blastocyctis hominis
Cryptosporidium
Giardia lamblia
Viruses
Astroviruses
Caloviruses
Norovirus
Enteric adenoviruses
Rotavirus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
Types of Dehydration
<6kg
in mL 200-400
12mo 12mo
2 yrs
2 yrs
5 yrs
6-9.9kg
10-11.9kg
12-19kg
400-700
700-900
900-1400
CHILDS WT (kg) x 25
> if the child wants more ORS than shown, give more
> give frequent small sips from a cup
> if the child vomits, wait for 10 min then resume
> continue breastfeeding whenever the child wants
* After 4 hours
> reassess the child & classify dehydration status
> select the appropriate plan to continue treatment
> begin feeding the child while at the clinic
First give
30mL/kg in:
Infants
(<12mo)
1 hour*
Children
30 min*
(12mo-5yrs)
Then give
70mL/kg in:
5 hours
2 hours
ETIOLOGY OF PNEUMONIA
> Bacterial
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Group B streptococci (neonates)
- Group A streptococci
- Mycoplasma pnemoniae (adolescents)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (infants)
- Mixed anearobes (aspiration pneumonia)
- Gram negative enteric (nosocomial pneumonia)
> Viral
- Respiratory syncitial virus
- Parainfluenza type 1-3 (Croup)
- Influenza types A, B
- Adenovirus
- Metapneumovirus
> Fungal
- Histoplasma capsulatum (bird, bat contact)
- Cryptococcus neoformans (bird contact)
- Aspergillus sp. (immunosuppressed)
- Mucormycosis (immunosuppressed)
- Coccidioides immitis
- Blastomyces dermatitides
- Pneumocystis carinii (immunosuppressed, HIV,
steroids)
> 3-12 mo
- RSV
- Other respiratory viruses
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae (Type B)
- C. trachomatis
- M. pneumoniae
- Group A Streptococcus
> 2-5 yrs
- RSV
- Other respiratory viruses
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae (Type B)
- C. trachomatis
- M. pneumoniae
- Group A Streptococcus
- Staph aureus
2-5 yrs
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae (Type B)
- C. trachomatis
- M. pneumoniae
- Group A Streptococcus
- Staph aureus
Dengue Pathophysiology
DENGUE
> Mode of transmission: mosquito bite (man as reservior)
> Vector: Aedes aegypti
> Factors affecting transmission:
- breeding sites, high human population density,
mobile viremic human beings
> Age incidence peaks at 4-6 yrs
> Incubation period: 4-6 days
> Serotypes:
- Type 2 most common
- Types 1& 3
- Type 4 least common but most severe
> Main pathophysiologic changes:
a. increase in vascular permeability
extravasation of plasma
- hemoconcentration
- 3rd spacing of fluids
b. abnormal hemostasis
- vasculopathy
- thrombocytopenia
- coagulopathy
MANAGEMENT OF DENGUE
A. Vital Signs and Laboratory Monitoring (Vital Signs and Laboratory Monitoring)
Monitor BP, Pulse Rate
We have to watch out for Shock (Hypotension)
Management of
Hemorrhage
Ab binding to
Glomerular Ab
C3
Proliferation deposition
Hematuria
Oliguria;
Normal or
increased
Creatinine
Edema,
HPN
CHF;
Pulmonary
edema
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Complications of AGN
- CHF 2 to fluid overload
- HPN encephalopathy
- ARF due to GFR
STAGES of AGN
- Oliguric phase [7-10days] complications sets in
- Diuretic phase [7-10days] recovery starts
- Convalescent phase [7-10days] ptts usually sent
home
Prognosis
- Gross hematuria 2-3 weeks
- Proteinuria 3-6 weeks
- C3: 8-12 weeks
- microscopic hematuria: 6-12 mo
> Hyperkalemia may be seen due to Na+ retention
> Ca++ decreases in PSAGN
> in ASO titer
- normal within 2 weeks
- peaks after 2 weeks
- more pronounced in pharyngeal infection than in
cutaneous
RHEUMATIC FEVER
JONES CRITERIA:
A. Major Manifestations
Carditis (50-60%)
Polyarthritis (70%)
Chorea (15-20%)
Erythema Marginatum (3%)
Subcutaneous Nodules (1%)
B. Minor Manifestations
Arthralgia
Fever
Laboratory Findings of:
Elevated Acute Phase Reactants (ESR / CRP)
Prolonged PR interval
A. Antibiotic Therapy
10 days of Oral Penicillin or Erythromycin
IM Injection of Benzethine Penicillin
C. Duration of Chemoprophylaxis
B. Secondary Prevention
A. Primary Prevention
10 days of Oral Penicillin or Erythromycin
IM Injection of Benzethine Penicillin
PREVENTON
KAWASAKI DISEASE
CDC-CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS: ADOPTED FROM
KAWASAKI (ALL SHOULD BE PRESENT)
A) HIGH Grade Fever (>38.5 Rectally) PRESENT for AT
LEAST 5-days without other Explanation
High Grade Fever of at least 5 days
DOES NOT Respond to any kind of Antibiotic!
B) Presence of 4 of the 5 Criteria:
1) Bilateral CONGESTION of the Ocular
Conjunctiva (seen in 94%)
2) Changes of the Lips and Oral Cavity (At least
ONE)
3) Changes of the Extremities (At least ONE)
4) Polymorphous Exanthem (92%)
5) Cervical Adenopathy = Non-Suppurative
Cervical Adenopathy (should be >1.5cm) in 42%
KAWASAKI DISEASE
HARADA Criteria
- used to determine whether IVIg should be given
- assessed within 9 days from onset of illness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SEIZURES
> Seizures: sudden event caused by abrupt, uncontrolled,
hypersynchronous discharges of neurons
> Epilepsy: tendency for recurrent seizures that are
unprovoked by an immediate cause
> Status epilepticus: >30min or back-to-back w/o return
to baseline
> Etiology:
- V ascular
- I nfections
- T raumatic
- A utoimmune
- M etabolic
- I diopathic
- N eoplastic
- S tructural
- S yndrome
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
TYPES OF SEIZURES
A. Partial Seizures (Focal / Local)
Simple Partial
Complex Partial (Partial Seizure + Impaired
Consciousness)
Partial Seizures evolving to Tonic-Clonic
Convulsion)
B. Generalized Seizures
Absence (Petit mal)
Myoclonic
Clonic
Tonic
Tonic-Clonic
Atonic
SIMPLE FEBRILE SEIZURE vs. COMPLEX FEBRILE
SEIZURE
Febrile Seizure: A seizure in association with a febrile
illness in the absence of a CNS infection or acute
electrolyte imbalance in children older than 1 month of
age without prior afebrile seizures
CLASSIFICATION BY CAUSE
A. Acute Symptomatic (shortly after an acute insult)
Infection
Hypoglycemia, low sodium, low calcium
Head trauma
Toxic ingestion
B. Remote Symptomatic
Pre-existing brain abnormality or insult
Brain injury (head trauma, low oxygen)
Meningitis
Stroke
Tumor
Developmental brain abnormality
C. Idiopathic
No history of preceding insult
Likely genetic component
Partly
controlled
Uncontrolled
Day
symptoms
none
> 2x per wk
Limitation of
activities
none
any
Nocturnal Sx
(awakening)
none
any
3 or more
symptoms of
Partly
Controlled
Asthma in any
week
Need for
reliever
< 2x per wk
> 2x per wk
Lung function
normal
< 80%
Exacerbation
none
> 1x per yr
1x / week
Tuberculosis (Treatment)
I.
Pulmonary TB
A.
B.
I.
Extrapulmonary TB
Same in PTB
H.E.A.D.S.S.S.
Home Environment
With whom does the adolescent live?
Any recent changes in the living situation?
How are things among siblings?
Are parents employed?
Are there things in the family he/she wants to
change?
Employment and Education
Currently at school? Favorite subjects?
Patient performing academically?
Have been truant/expelled from school?
Problems with classmates/teachers?
Currently employed?
Future education/employment goals?
Activities
What he/she does in spare time?
Patient does for fun?
Whom does patient spend spare time?
Hobbies, interests, close friends?
H.E.A.D.S.S.S.
Drugs
Used tobacco/alcohol/steroids?
Illicit drugs? Frequency? Amount? Affected daily
activiities?
Still using? Friends using/selling?
Sexual activities
Sexual orientation?
GF/BF? Typical date?
Sexually active? When started? # of persons?
Contraceptives? Pregnancies? STDs?
Suicide/Depression
Ever sad/tearful/unmotivated/hopeless?
Thought of hurting self/others?
Suicide plans?
Safety
Use seatbelts/helmets?
Enter into high risk situations?
Member of frat/sorority/orgs?
Firearm at home?
F.R.I.C.H.M.O.N.D.
Fluids
Respiration
Infection
Cardiac
Hematologic
Metabolic
Output & Input [cc/kg/h] N: 1-2
Neuro
Diet