CHAPTER 2

Atoms molecules and Ions

Dr. Rajani Srinivasan
Tarleton State University
Lecture Presentation

Contents
Atomic Theory of Matter
Discovery of atomic structure
Modern View of atomic structure
Atomic weights
The Periodic Table

Contents
Molecules and Molecular compound
Ions and Ionic Compound
Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds
Nomenclature of Organic compounds

Atomic theory of Matter

Daltons atomic theory ( John Dalton 17661844)
1. Elements are composed
of very small
ATOMS
particles called
2. All atoms of given element are identical but
different from atoms of different elements
Oxygen

Chlorine

Daltons atomic theory

3.Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed
in Chemical reactions .
Example: Oxygen cannot be changed to nitrogen
by chemical Reaction
Law of conservation of Mass
Law of Multiple proportion

Daltons atomic theory

4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more
than one element combine; a given compound
always has the same relative number and kind of
atoms.
H

H H
O

Law of constant composition

Laws
Law of constant composition
In a given compound the relative numbers and
kinds of atoms constant
Law of conservation of mass
Total mass of the materials before and after the
chemical reaction remains the same
H

H H
O

Mass of hydrogen = 2*1 = 2 + Mass of Oxygen = 16 = 18 amu

Laws
Law of multiple proportion
If the two elements A and B combine to form more than
one compound, the masses of B that can combine with a
given mass of A is in a ratio of small whole number.
Example H2O2 and H2O ( thus the ratio of oxygen in the
compounds is 2:1)
2:32
2:16
1:16
1: 8

Discovery of Atomic structure

Subatomic Particles:
Scientists found by various experiments that
Atoms are not indivisible
They are composed of several other particles smaller
than atoms so they were called Subatomic Particles.
Thus the structure of atoms was discovered through
series of landmark experiments.
Atoms are composed of Electron, Proton and
Neutron

Electron
Discovered by Joseph John Thomson (J.J.
Thomson) in 1897
Electrons were discovered by Cathode Ray
tube Experiment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dehxVQAUq
Bs

Negatively charged particles

Rays originated from cathode (-ve electrode) and travelled to anode (+ve
electrode) so were called Cathode Rays.

Charge to mass ratio

1) These rays were deflected by electric and magnetic fields proving that
Cathode rays are vely Charged particles which was Later named as
ELECTRON
2) Thus by calculating the strength of the magnetic field Thompson
calculated the Charge to mass ratio of Electron = 1.76 108
coulombs/gram (C/g).Coulomb is the SI unit for electric charge

Charge on the Electron

Millikans Oil drop experiment was used to
measure the charge on the electron
(Robert Millikan 1909)
He allowed the drops of oil to fall and
by varying the voltage he discovered
that charge on any drop of oil was equal
to 1.602 10 -19 C
Thus by using the charge on electron
and charge /mass ratio; mass on the
electron was calculated using the
following formula
Electric mass = 1.602 10 -19 C =
1.76 10 8 c/g
=

9.10 10-28 g

Since electrons had mass so they were considered vely Charged particles

Radioactivity
Spontaneous emission of Radiation from a
compound/ atom is called Radioactivity.
Discovered by Henry Becquerel in Uranium
compound.
His students Marie Curie and her husband Pierre
Curie began experiments in isolating the
components of radiation
Earnest Rutherford discovered the components
of Radioactive radiation

Radioactive Radiation

Three types of radiation were discovered by Ernest Rutherford:

particles
particles
rays

Radioactivity
particles have +ve charge, fast moving, attracted
towards negative plate, has a charge of +2, has a mass of
7400 times than that of electron
particles have ve charge, fast moving, attracted
towards positive plate. Have a charge of -1
rays high energy radiation like x-rays, no particles and
no charge

Nuclear Model of atom

Structure of atom as
described by J.J.
Thomson
He described the
structure as positive
sphere of matter
with electrons
embedded in it.

Nucleus
Rutherfords Gold foil
Experiment:
Important Observations
1) Most of the rays passed
undeflected
2) Some were scattered in large
angles
3) Some scattered in the same
directions from which they
had come
Observations 1 and 2 did not
agree with Thomson's Model

Rutherfords Model of Atom

1) In an atom most of the space is Empty
2) Atom has a very small but dense positively
charged center called NUCLEUS
( indicated by large deflecting angles)
3) Electrons move around the nucleus (indicated
by few rays which passed undeflected)

Protons and Neutrons

Rutherford discovered Protons in 1919
They are positively charged particles with mass of
1.0073 amu
James Chadwick discovered Neutrons(1932)
They are neutral particles and has mass equal to that
of Proton
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnmEI94URK8t

Subatomic Particles

Modern atomic Structure

1) Atom is made up of
Nucleus in the center
2) Nucleus has both Neutrons
and Protons
3) Electron revolve round the
nucleus
4) An Atom is electrically
Neutral ( it has equal number
of Electrons and Protons)
6) Diameter of most of the
atoms (1-5 A)

Structure of the nucleus

Atomic Number

The Number of Protons or electrons in

an Atom is called Atomic Number
Represented by Z

Atomic Mass

Total of Protons and Neutrons in an atom is called

Atomic Mass or Mass Number
Represented by amu (Atomic Mass Unit)
Atomic Mass Unit defined by assigning a mass of
exactly 12 amu of 12C isotope of carbon

Isotopes
Atoms of the same element having different masses.
They have same number of Protons and Electrons
but they differ in the number of Neutrons.
Different isotopes of the same element exists in
different abundances

Atomic weight
Calculation of atomic mass of atoms
Average atomic mass of the element is called
Atomic Weight of the element
It is based on the relative abundances of the
isotopes
Atomic weight = [(Isotope mass) (fractional
isotope abundance)]
of the overall isotope of the element

Atomic weight
Calculate the atomic weight of Carbon if it is
composed of 98.93 % 12 C and 1.07% of 13C
Example :
First convert the % into fractions then use the
formula
0.9893* 12 amu+ 0.0107*13 amu = 12amu
Mass spectrometer is used to measure atomic and
molecular masses

Periodic Table

The periodic table is a systematic catalog of the elements.

Elements are arranged in the increasing order of atomic number.
IUPAC- International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry

North
American
style of
writing

IUPAC Nomenclature

Parts of Periodic table

Columns = Groups
Elements in the same group
have similar properties
Rows = Periods
Repeating patterns of
reactivities could be found in
the period

Important groups

 Nonmetals are on the right side of the periodic table (with the exception
of H).
Metalloids border the stair-step line (with the exception of Al, Po, and
At).Properties of the Metalloids fall between metals and non-metals
Metals are on the left side of the chart.

Molecules and Molecular Compound

Molecules
Most of the element present in the nature are in Molecular form
except a few
Like Noble gasses: He, Ar, Kr etc.
Example: Oxygen exists As O2 or O3
Halogens Like Chlorine exists as Cl2 , Br2 etc.
Such type of molecules which are composed of two atoms to
form a molecule are called Diatomic Molecule
Compounds composed of two or more atoms are called molecular
compounds and usually contains Non-metals

Diatomic molecules
These seven elements occur
naturally as molecules containing
two atoms:
Hydrogen- H2
Nitrogen- N2
Oxygen- O2
Fluorine- F2
Chlorine- Cl2
Bromine- Br2
Iodine- I2

Triatomic molecule
Most common example Ozone represented by
Chemical Formula O3
Oxygen and Ozone are made up of same atom
but they exhibit very different physical and
chemical properties
O2 is life saving gas ,odorless
O3 is very toxic , has a very pungent smell

Chemical formulas
Molecular formulas give the exact number of
atoms of each element in a compound.
Empirical formulas give the lowest wholenumber ratio of atoms of each element in a
compound
Example : Molecular formula for glucose C6H12O6
Empirical formula- Divide the subscripts by largest
common factor we get CH2O

Chemical formulas
Structural formulas show the order in
which atoms are bonded.
Perspective drawings also show the
three-dimensional array of atoms in a
compound.
Ball and stick Model This represents
the accurate angles in which atoms are
attached in a molecule
Space filling Model Depicts how
molecules will look like when they are
scaled up

Types of Compounds
1) Ionic compounds
2) Molecular compounds

Ionic compounds
IONS: Ions are formed when an atom either
gains an electron or loses an electron.

IONS
CATION
(+vely Charged
Ion )

ANION
(-vely Charged
ION)

How are ions Formed????

ANIONS

CATIONS
Example of Na

Example of Cl

Z = 11
P = 11or 11 +ve Charge
E = 11 or 11 -ve charge

Z= 17
P= 17
E= 17

If it loses an electron
What will be the

If it gains an electron, Then

P=
E=

11
10

P=
E=

17
18

Total No. of Extra Charge on Cl = -1

Total extra charge on the Na = +1 Thus forming Cl ( Chlorine ion)
Thus Forming Na + (sodium ion )

IONIC compounds
When +ve ions and ve ions combine to form
compound they are called IONIC
COMPOUND The bond between them are
called IONIC BOND.
POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDs: When more
than 2 atoms combine to from compounds they
are said be Polyatomic ionic Compounds
Example NH3+ and SO42- = Na2SO4

IONIC COMPOUNDS

Superscripts

Writing Formulas

Because compounds are electrically neutral, one can

determine the formula of a compound this way:
The charge on the cation becomes the subscript on the
anion.
The charge on the anion becomes the subscript on the
cation.
If these subscripts are not in the lowest whole-number ratio,
divide them by the greatest common factor.

Common Cations

Common Anions

Molecular compounds
When two or more atoms combine together to
form compounds.
The bonding between them is not ionic but
Co-valent.
Usually when compounds are formed between
two non metals it will be a molecular
compound
Example CH4 (Methane) or H2O2

Why are compounds formed

Answer :To complete the Octet
Octet = Compare the Nobel gasses they have 8
electron in their outermost shell so they are self
sufficient
All the other element wants to have 8 electrons
in their outermost shell to become self sufficient
in that process they gain or lose electron and
from compounds

Nomenclature of Inorganic and Organic

compound
NOMENCALARE
Name

ORGANIC
Substances made up of
Carbon and Hydrogen in
combination with Oxygen ,
Nitrogen and Hydrogen
Example CH4, CH2COOH
CH2CONH2

To Call
INORGANIC

All the rest of the

compounds
Example- N2, CO2, NH3
NH4OH

In organic compound Nomenclature

Naming of Cation
1) If it has a single charge. Example Na+
Name of the
element

ion

Sodium
ion
2) If the Cation has more than one Charge
Name of the
element

Fe2+ Iron (II) ion

Fe 3+ Iron(III) ion

Charge in Roman numeral

in the parenthesis

ion

ANIONS
Elemental Anion : The end of the element gets
replaced by ide
Example : Cl-1 = Chloride ( Chlorine replaced
by ide)
O2- = Oxide ( Oxygen replaced by ide)
Polyatomic Anion: OH-1 = Hydroxide ion

Oxyanions

Polyatomic anions containing Oxygen are called

Oxyanions
The names end in -ate or -ite
When there are two oxyanions involving the same
element:
The one with fewer oxygens ends in -ite.
The one with more oxygens ends in -ate.
NO2 : nitrite; SO32 : sulfite
NO3 : nitrate; SO42 : sulfate

Oxyanions

The one with the second fewest oxygens ends in -ite.

ClO2 : chlorite
The one with the second most oxygens ends in -ate.
ClO3 : chlorate
The one with the fewest oxygens has the prefix hypo- and ends in -ite.
ClO : hypochlorite
The one with the most oxygens has the prefix per- and ends in -ate.
ClO4 : perchlorate

Oxyanions
Oxyanions derived from adding H+ are named
by adding the name hydrogen or dihydrogen
CO32-....... HCO3-. Hydrogen Carbonate
SO32--.. HSO3-- Hydrogen Sulphite

ACIDS
Hydrogen containing substance
OR
Substances which yield Hydrogen when
dissolved in water
Composed of anions connected to enough H+
ion to neutralize the anions charge
Eg: Cl- + H+ HCl (Hydrochloric acid)

ACIDS
If the anion in the acid
ends in -ide, change the
ending to -ic acid and
add the prefix hydro- .
HCl: hydrochloric acid
HBr: hydrobromic acid
HI: hydroiodic acid

If the anion in the acid

ends in -ite, change the
ending to -ous acid.
HClO: hypochlorous acid
HClO2: chlorous acid

ACIDS
If the anion in the acid
ends in -ate, change the
ending to -ic acid.
HClO3: chloric acid
HClO4: perchloric acid

Binary molecular Compounds

Molecules with two atoms forming a compound
Example : Cl2O

1) Name of the element nearer to the metals are named first except when
Oxygen, Chlorine , Bromine and Iodine are present (except F) Then
oxygen is written last.
Cl2O- dichloro monoxide
2) If both elements from the same group then lower one is named first
Name of the second element ends in ide
ClF- Chrloro monoflouride
3) Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms.
4) The prefix mono is never used with the first element
5) When the prefix ends with an a or o the second element begins with a
vowel
N2O5- Di nitrogen tetra oxide

Organic Compounds
Simplest organic compounds are called
ALKANES
Each Carbon atoms are attached to 4 atoms
They are named based on number of Carbon
and hydrogen atoms .
H

H-C-H
H
Methan
e

H3C-CH3
Ethane

H3C-CH2-CH3 C8H18

Propane

Octane

CnH2n+2

Derivatives of Alkanes
When one or more atoms of Hydrogen is
replaced by functional groups like OH,
-COOH are called derivatives of Alkanes

ISOMERS
Compounds with same molecular formula but
different structural formulas are called
ISOMERS.
C5H12 can have two different structural
arrangement
The unique property of organic compound is its
ability to form Long Chain of Carbon Carbon
bonds.----- CATENTION