Textbook Chapter 7

NUTRITION IN

Learning outcomes
identify the cellular and tissue structure
of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in
cross-section under the microscope and
state their functions:
distribution of chloroplasts photosynthesis
stomata and mesophyll cells gaseous
exchange
vascular bundles transport

state the equation, in words only, for

photosynthesis

Learning outcomes
outline the intake of carbon dioxide and
water by plants
state that chlorophyll traps light energy
and converts it into chemical energy for
the formation of carbohydrates and
their subsequent uses
investigate and state the effect of
varying light intensity, carbon dioxide
concentration and temperature on the
rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in

Photosynthesis is
The process by which light energy is
absorbed by chlorophyll and
transformed into chemical energy,
used in the synthesis of
carbohydrates from water and
carbon dioxide,
with oxygen being given off during
the process.

Photosynthesis: where it happens

Plants use light
energy from the Sun
to power
photosynthesis.
Where in the leaf
does this reaction
take place?
Photosynthesis
takes place in what
part of plant cells?

light
energy

carbon
dioxide
water

Plant cell
Photosynthesis takes place in plant cells
with chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts contain the green chemical
called chlorophyll.

Question:
Do all plant cells
contain chloroplasts?

The Chloroplast

Photosynthesis occurs in 2
stages
Light stage
Dark stage

Light-dependent stage
(Light stage) Chlorophyll
Light energy

is absorbed by
chlorophyll in the
chloroplast.

converts light energy

into chemical energy.

Photolysis
of water.

Oxygen
given off.

Light-independent stage
(Dark stage)
Photolysis
of water.

Oxygen

Carbon
Hydroge dioxide
n
Glucose

Products of
photosynthesis

Glucose is formed usin

carbon dioxide and
hydrogen atoms
released during the
light stage.

The Overall Picture

Chlorophyll

Light
energy is
absorbed by
chlorophyll in
the chloroplast.

Photolysis
of water.

Hydrogen

converts light energy

into chemical energy.

Carbon
dioxide

Gl

e
s
o
uc

Oxygen
given off.

The equation
Carbon dioxide +
Water

6 CO2 + 12 H2O

Light energy
Chlorophyll

Light energy
Chlorophyll

Glucose +
Oxygen

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Which of these products is

used
by plants?
What happens to the
waste product?

Photosynthesis: products of the reaction

Glucose is the useful
light
product for plants.
energy
Some glucose is
used straightaway
by plant cells, some
is converted to
starch for storage
carbon
and later used for
dioxide
food.
Oxygen is the
waste product.
Excess oxygen gas
is transported out of

chlorophyll

oxygen

Why is this glucose

important for
water
humans and
other living

Light and Photosynthesis

Light and Photosynthesis

Limiting Factors
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration
Temperature

Recall
Limiting Factor
Any factor that directly affects a process
if its quantity is changed.
Light
Intensity
Carbon dioxide
concentration
Temperature

Rate of
photosynthesi
s
Rate of
photosynthesi
s
Rate of
photosynthesi
s

Effect of light intensity on

photosynthesis
Rate of
photosynthesis

After the saturation

point, rate of
Light
photosynthesis remains
intensity
constant, even when
Rate of
light intensity
photosynthesis
increases.

What is the limiting factor

in region A?
Region A

Region B

Light intensity

Effect of Carbon dioxide

concentration on
After the saturation
photosynthesis
point, rate of
CO

Rate of
photosynthesis

Concentration
Rate of
photosynthesis

photosynthesis
remains constant,
even when CO2
Concentration
increases.

What is the limiting factor

in region A?
Region A

Region B

CO2
Concentration

dioxide makes
up 0.03% of
air.
CO2
Concentration
Rate of
photosynthesis
up to the

Rate of photosynthesis

Effect of Carbon dioxide

concentration on
photosynthesis
Carbon

CO2
Concentration

saturation point,
further increase
in CO2
concentration
does not
increase the
rate of
photosynthesis.

Rate of photosynthesis

Effect of Carbon dioxide

concentration on
photosynthesis
After the

CO2
Concentration

Effect of Carbon dioxide

concentration on
Increasing CO under experimental conditio
photosynthesis
2

Rate of photosynthesis

Rate of photosynthesis increases dramatica

0.13% CO2
0.03% CO2

Light intensity

Effect of temperature on
photosynthesis
Rate of
photosynthesis

At 40 oC Enzymes are most

active
Rate of photosynthesis is at
its maximum

As the temperature increases,

enzymes become more active
and the rate of photosynthesis
increases.
At low temperatures,
enzymes are less
active, so the
chemical reaction of
photosynthesis takes
slowly.

At temperature
above 40 oC
Rate of
Photosynthesis
slow down or even
stop

40 oC

Temperature

Effect of temperature on
photosynthesis
Why does
photosynthesis
slow down or even
stop at
temperatures
above 40C?

Learning outcomes
Fate of glucose
why photosynthesis is essential for
life on earth.

Recall 3 classes of
nutrients in
animals.

Fate of glucose
STARCH
Glucose
temporarily
stored

FATS

Storage
Cellular
respiration
Synthesis of
new
protoplasm

Light

GLUCOSE
Cellular
respiration
Form cellulose
cell wall

Dark

SUCROSE
Transported to
storage organs for
storage as starch
or in other forms

AMINO ACIDS
Glucose + nitrates
form amino acids
Excess other parts
of plant
Synthesis of new
protoplasm
Storage of
proteins

PROTEI
NS
Synthesis of
new
protoplasm
in leaves

Why is photosynthesis
important?
1. Photosynthesis make chemical
energy available to animals.

Sunlight Ultimate source

of energy for living
organisms
Plants are harness this light
energy and convert it to
chemical energy.

Why is photosynthesis
Chemical energy obtained from
important?

photosynthesis is stored as glucose.

Glucose carbohydrates, fats &

proteins
Plants Food for organisms
Produce
rs

Eate
n by

Primary
consumers

Eate
n by

Secondary Eate
consumers n by

Organisms obtain chemical energy

directly/indirectly from plants

Tertiary
consumer
s

Why is photosynthesis
important?

2. Photosynthesis also helps to

regulate Earths environment.
Removes carbon dioxide & produces
oxygen
Oxygen is used for respiration in
living organisms
Sustains life on Earth

Why is photosynthesis
important?
Energy
is stored in coal through photosynthe
Coal is formed from trees.
Energy obtained from sunlight
through photosynthesis is stored
in coal.
coal used as fuel.
Energy is released when we burn
coal.

Recap
Fate of glucose
Starch ,Sucrose
Amino acids ,Proteins
Fats

Importance of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis make chemical energy
available to animals.
Photosynthesis also helps to regulate
Earths environment.
Energy is stored in coal through
photosynthesis

Plant Fats

Learning outcomes
Internal and external structures of
the leaf
Leaf adaptation for
photosynthesis.

External structures of
a leaf
Parts of the leaf
Lamina (Leaf blade)
Petiole (Leaf stem)
Network of veins

Petiole

Lamin
a

External structures of
the leaf

Adaptation of leaf to
photosynthesis

Structure
Function
Petiole (leaf stalk) Holds leaf in position to
expose as much of it as
possible to sunlight & air
Large surface
area

To absorb maximum
sunlight

Thin lamina

To allow sunlight to
penetrate to all cells.
To allow CO2 to diffuse in
rapidly.

Adaptation of leaf to
photosynthesis
Structure
Function
Stomata present
in epidermal
layers
Air spaces in
mesophyll layer

To allow CO2 and O2 to

diffuse in and out.

Xylem vessels
within short
distance of
mesophyll cells

To supply water to
chloroplasts for
photosynthesis.

To allow rapid diffusion of

CO2 to mesophyll cells.

Adaptation of leaf to
photosynthesis

Structure
Phloem tubes within
short distance of
mesophyll cells.
Chloroplasts
containing
chlorophyll present in
mesophyll layer

Function
To transport sugars
away from leaf.
Chlorophyll absorbs &
converts light energy
to chemical energy
used in the
manufacture of
sugars

Adaptation of leaf to
photosynthesis
Structure

Function

More chloroplasts in
More light energy can
upper palisade tissue be absorbed near the
leaf surface.

Leaf Arrangements
What do you notice about the
arrangements?

Cactus leaf
adaptations

Modified leaves
Needle-like
Reduce water
loss

Photosynthesis
takes place in
the stem
Contains
chloroplasts.

Homework
Workbook Page. Due next Tue :
45 49
50 (4a and c only)
53

Plant Nutrition worksheet. Due

next Wed.
Section A: Q 1 20
Section B: Q 1, 2, 4,5

Internal structures of
a leaf
Cuticle
Upper and lower
epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Spongy
mesophyll
Guard cells

Cuticle
Transparent: allows
sunlight to pass through
Waxy: Waterproof so
prevents excessive
water loss

Palisade mesophyll
Structure: Cylindrical and contains
cells

numerous chloroplasts
Arrangement: closely packed below upper
epidermis
Function: Absorb maximum sunlight for
photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll
cells
Large intercellular air spaces: Allow rapid
diffusion of gases through the leaf (Gaseous
exchange)
Few chloroplast: For photosynthesis
Thin film of moisture covering cells: Allows carbon
dioxide to dissolve easily.

Spongy mesophyll
cells
Transport tissues
such as the xylem
and phloem can be
Vascula
found here.
r
bundle

Spongy
mesoph
yll

Spongy mesophyll
cells

Xylem : transport water

and
mineral salts
from root to the leaves
Phloem: Transports
sucrose and amino
acids from the leave to
other parts of the leave.

Vascula
r
bundle

Guard cells
Controls the opening and closing of
stoma
Manipulating internal osmotic
pressures and changes in turgidity

Stomat
a

OPEN

CLOS
ED

Stoma
Water
Guard cell
movement
Into the cell
Turgid
Out of the
Flaccid
cell

Stoma
Open
Close

Upper
epidermis
Palisade
mesoph
yll
Spongy
mesophyll
Lower
epidermis

Vascular
bundle

Beech tree leaf

Upper epidermis
Palisade
mesoph
yll
Spongy
mesophyll
Lower epidermis

Vascular bundle

Osmosis

Opening and closing of stomata

Guard cells
Opening and closing of guard cells
Controlled by changing osmotic
pressures
Similar to auto-swing
doors
need to use energy to
keep it open
Auto swing shut when
no one holding door
open.

Opening and closing

of stoma
Da
y

Nigh
t

Stoma needs to remain

open to allow exchange
of gases.
Might be close if:
temperatures are
high
Stoma
is closed
Strong
winds to
prevent excessive
water loss

Opening and closing

of stoma
Guard cells
Stoma
Epidermal
cells

Day- Opening guard

Potassium ions pumped
cells
into guard cells via Active
Transport

Guard
Lower
cells
water
potential

Potassium
ions
Movement
of water.

Increase
solute in the
cell
Epidermal
cells
Higher
water
potential

Decrease
water
potential in
cell sap of
guard cells.

Opening of guard
cells (Day)

Inner cell
wall
thicker

Entry of water into

the cell will cause
the cell to swell.
Results in buildup
of pressure
exerted on the cell
wall.
Turgor
pressure.
More resistant
to being
stretched.

Opening of guard
cells

Flaccid Guard
cells

CLOSED

Turgid Guard
cells

OPEN

Opening and closing

of stoma
Da
y

Nigh
t

Stoma needs to remain

open to allow exchange
of gases.
Might be close if:
temperatures are
high
Stoma
is closed
Strong
winds to
prevent excessive
water loss

Night- Closing guard

Guard cells stop pumping in potassium
cells
ions. Potassium ions diffuse out to
neighbouring cells.

Potassium
ions
Movement
of water.

Solute levels
in the cell
drops
Guard
Higher
cells
water
potential

Epidermal
cells
Lower
water
potential

High water
potential in
cell sap in
guard cells.

Closing of guard cells

(Night)

Closing of guard cells

Water moves out of the cells by
osmosis.
Cells become flaccid and the
stoma closes.

Turgid Guard
cells

OPEN

Flaccid Guard
cells

CLOSED

How does carbon dioxide

enter
the
leaf?
Photosynthesis
CO in leaf
occurs.

rapidly used up.

[CO2] in leaf <

[CO2] outside
leaf.

CO2 diffuses
into cell.

CO2 dissolves
into water on
mesophyll
cells.

CO2 diffuses
into leaf
through the
stomata.

Diffusion
gradient.

Leaf Structure & Function

Plants
undergo

have
Leave
s
consist
of
Stomata

Spongy Palisade Vascular

mesoph
mesoph
bundle
yll
yll
contai
consists of
n
Chloropl
ast

Phloe
m

Gaseous
exchang
e

Xylem

Transpo
rt
is required

Leaf
structu
re

Functio
n
Photosynthes
is a
Proces

is

ha
s
Limiting

Carbon skinks
Acarbon sinkis a natural or
artificial reservoir that accumulates
and stores somecarbon-containing
chemical compound for an indefinite
period.
Three natural carbon sinks :
Ocean
Forests
soil

Carbon sinks

Carbon sources

Carbon sinks

Carbon Sinks
Plants take in carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere for use during
photosynthesis.

Carbon Sinks
Deforestation Reduced our
carbon sinks
Burning of fossil fuels Increase
the carbon dioxide in the
Carbon
Dioxide
atmosphere
- Green house gas Global warming.
our carbon sinks will play a key
role in controlling atmospheric
carbon concentrations

Plant sciences
Plant tissue culture

Plant sciences
Hydroponics
Aeroponics

Rainbow roses