Abstract

*Our project is about ( Foundation Design of AlMaslamani Mall) which is located in the village of
Beit Eba Nablus governorate.
*The total plan area of this mall is about 3500 m2
*The number of stories is 6; 4 stories above the
ground surface & 2 stories are below the ground
surface.

Literature Review
Site

Investigation is the first important step in any engineering

work ; to determine type & depth of foundations , to evaluate
bearing capacity , to identify construction methods & for many
things

Foundations

are the part of an engineered system to receive &

transmit loads from superstructure to the underlying soil or rock .

There
Many

are two types of foundations : shallow & deep foundations.

factors should be taken into consideration in choosing

foundation types such as soil properties , economic factors,
engineering practice, ....etc

Isolated
footings

Piles
Combined
Foundations

Mat


Isolated Footings

Are used to support single

columns.

This is one of the most

economical types of footings and
is used when columns are spaced
at relatively long distances.

Its

function is to spread the

column load to the soil , so
that the stress intensity is
reduced .

Mat or Raft Foundations

are used to spread the load
from a structure over a large
area, normally the entire are
of the structure .
They often needed on soft
or loose soils with low
bearing capacity as they can
spread the loads over a larger
area.
They have the advantage of
reducing differential
settlements.

Combined Foundations
Are used in the following cases:

1) When there are two columns so

close to each other & in turn the
two isolated footing areas would
overlap.

2) When the combined stresses are

more than the allowable bearing
capacity of the soil.

3) When columns are placed at the

property line.

Strap or Cantilever Footings

Cantilever

footing
construction uses a strap
beam to connect an
eccentrically loaded column
foundation to the foundation
of an interior column .

Are

used when the allowable

soil bearing capacity is high,
and the distances between
the columns are large .

Pile Foundations
They

are long & slender

members that are used to carry &
transfer the load of the structure
to deeper soil or rocks of high
bearing capacity, when the upper
soil layer are too weak to support
the loads from the structure.

Piles

costs more than shallow

foundations; so the geotechnical
engineer should know in depth
the properties & conditions of
the soil to decide whether piles
are needed or not.

Classification of the piles

According to load transmission & functional behavior :
1) End / Point bearing piles
2) Friction piles
3) Compaction piles

According to type of material:

1) Steel piles
2) Timber piles
3) Concrete piles
4) Composite piles

According to effect on the soil:

1) Driven piles
2) Bored piles

Bearing Capacity & Settlement

Bearing Capacity : is the ability of a soil to support the loads applied

to the ground . Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum
pressure which can be supported without failure; Allowable bearing
capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity qu divided by a factor of
safety (F.S).

There are three modes of failure that limit bearing capacity: general
shear failure, local shear failure, and punching shear failure.

Any structure built on soil is subject to settlement. Some settlement is

inevitable, & depending on the situation, some settlements are
tolerable.

When building structures on top of soils, one needs to have some

knowledge of how settlement occurs & how fast settlement will occur
in a given situation.

Geotechnical Investigation

The studied area is

approximately flat with slight
difference in the three existing
elevations. The general soil
formation within the depths of the
borings consists mostly of wadi
deposits of boulders & silty clay
followed by successive layers of
hard boulders mixed with very
little filling silty clay. The whole
site is covered by grass.
The geotechnical engineer
decided to drill four boreholes
trying to cover the whole
construction area.

 The depths of the drilled boreholes were as follows:

Borehole No.

Location

Depth (m)

South-west

7.0

East

7.0

West

6.0

North

10.0

Summary of lab. test results:

= 20 KN/m

w = 7.6 % (avg.)

C = 0 KN/m (average)

LL = 44.5 %

= 25

PI = 25

qall. = 3.0 kg/cm2

G = 2.73

a-Coefficient of active earth pressure: KA = 0.405

b- Coefficient of passive earth pressure: KP = 2.464

c- Coefficient of pressure at rest: Ko = 0.577

After doing check on the bearing capacity value using FOUND

software by using Terzaqi and Meyerhoff formulas, the value
was ranging between 3.2 and 4.3 Kg/ cm2 respectively, SO we
decided to use a value of 3.5 Kg/ cm2 in our project.

Load Calculations
Column #

Footing #

C21 ,C28

F1

Ultimate Load
(ton)
60

Service Load
(ton)
44.5

C8 ,C9

F2

120

89.0

C3 ,C38

F3

183

135.7

C1,C2,C7,C23,C30,C3
2,C43
C10,C15,C31,C37,C39,
C4,C16
C5,C6,C22,C29,C33,
C41,C42,C24,C36,C40
C11,C12,C13,C14,C17,
C34,C35
C18,C19,C20,C25,C26,
C27

F4

243

180.3

F5

347

257.4

F6

388

287.8

F7

522

387.2

F8

579

429.5

Isolated Footing Design

Manual Design steps:

1)

Area of footing = Total service loads on column / net soil

pressure

2)

Determine footing dimensions B & H .

3)

Assume depth for footing.

4)

Check soil pressure.

5)

Check wide beam shear : V c > Vult

6)

Check punching shear

7)

Determine reinforcement steel in the two directions.

8)

Check development length .

9)

Check load transfer from column to footing .

: V cp > Pult, punching

Then, we compare manual design with SAP design in footings F4 &

F8 .

 The solution of SAP is always smaller than manual

one, since SAP uses Finite Element Method.

There

is no need to calculate the settlement of the

isolated footings; since the soil is gravelly soil , & has a
qall. of 3.5 kg/cm2 .

The

final results of isolated footings design are in the

next table :

Column #

F#

Columns Dimension
( m)

H
(m)

B
(m)

Depth
(m)

As , H
(mm2)

As , B
(mm2)

C21 ,C28

F1

D= 0.5m

1.1

1.1

0.4

816

816

C8 ,C9

0.5*0.2

C3 ,C38

F2
F3

1.6
2

1.6
2

0.5
0.45

1548
1710

1548
1710

C1,C2,C7,C23,
C30,C32,C43

F4

2.5

2.5

0.52

2614

2614

2.85

2.85

0.90

5330

5330

0.80

4930

4930

3.5

3.5

0.90

6540

6540

3.8

3.8

0.95

7530

7530

C10,C15,C31,
C37,C39,C4,
C16

C5,C6,C22,C29,
C33,C41,C42,
C24,C36,C40
C11,C12,C13,
C14,C17,C34,
C35
C18,C19,C20,
C25,C26,C27

F5

F6

F7
F8

C3 : 0.7*0.4
C38 : D = 0.8 m
C1, C2, C30 : 1.1*0.4
C7: 0.65*0.3
C23 : 0.75*0.75
C32 : 0.8*0.8
C43 : 0.6*0.3
C10 : 0.75*0.75
C15 , C37 : 0.6*0.3
C31 : 1.1*0.4
C39 : D=0.8m
C4 : 0.4*0.65
C16 : 0.75*0.75
C5,C6,C40,C41,C42 : 0.8 * 0.65
C22 , C29 : 0.6*0.3
C24 : 0.75*0.75
C33 : 1.1*0.4
C36 : D=0.8 m

C11,C12,C13,C14,C35: D= 0.8 m
C17 , C34 : 0.75*0.75
C18,C19,C20,C26,C27: D=0.8 m
C25 : 0.8*0.8

Wall Stair Footing

Dimensions and Reinforcement

Details of Wall Stair Footing
.Depth of wall footing = 60 cm
.Width of wall = 20 cm
.Width of footing (B) = 2 m
:Reinforcement
6 16 / m in short direction
14 16 in long direction

Elevator Wall Footing

Dimensions and Reinforcement

Details of Elevator Wall Footing
Depth = 33cm, h=40cm
: Reinforcement details for elevator wall
4 16 / m
For positive moment & negative moment
In both directions.

Pile Foundation

Design of pile foundation

1-Estimating pile capacity
The

ultimate carrying capacity is equal to

the sum of the ultimate resistance of the
base of the pile and the ultimate skin
friction over the embedded shaft length of
the pile, this expressed by :

Qu = Qp + Qs

2-Determination of the point bearing

capacity
For piles in rocky sand soil as in our
case , the point bearing capacity
may be estimated as :
QP = Ap q' Nq* Qlimit
Where:
Ap : Area of the pile tip.
q : effective stress at pile tip.
Nq*: Factor depends on soil friction angle

Qlimit =(0.5 Pa Nq* tan ) Ap

3-Determination of skin resistance

It can be calculated by using the following
formula:
QS = {P*L*f }
Where:
L : Length of the pile
P : Perimeter of the pile
f : Frictional factor

The following table presents the dimensions

of piles and their capacities in (KN).
length
)m(
D(m)

10

12

14

15

16

18

0.5

122

164

216

278

312

349

430

0.6

157

208

271

345

386

430

526

0.7

196

256

329

415

463

514

627

0.8

239

307

390

489

544

602

731

0.9

285

362

455

566

628

694

839

335

420

524

647

716

789

951

Summary of piles sizes, number of piles needed, cap dimensions :

#Column

Service Load
)KN(

Pile size
)L,D(
)m,m(

of piles#

Cap
dimension
)m(

)F1

(21+28

445

(0.5 , 8)

2.22.2

)F2

(8+9

890

(0.5 , 14)

2.22.2

)F3

(3+38

1357

(0.5 , 16)

2.22.2

1+2+7+23+30+32
)F4
(43+

1803

(0.7 , 15)

2.852.85

10+15+31+37+39
)F5
(4+16+

2574

(0.7 , 15)

2.854.6

5+6+22+29+33+41
42+24+36+40+
)F6 (

2878

(0.8 , 14)

3.25.2

11+12+13+14+17
)F7
(34+35+

3872

(0.8 , 14)

3.27.2

18+19+20+25+26
)F8
(27+

4295

(0.8 , 15)

3.27.2

The structural pile design depends on the nature of soil, which is either stiff or weak, the
pile is to be designed as short column if the soil is stiff , and designed as along column if
the soil is weak.

The minimum area of steel is 0.5% of the gross area of the pile, also the ties are used
starting with 5 cm spacing and ending by 30 cm spacing .the concrete cover must be not
less than 7.5 cm.
Asmin=0.005Ag

Efficiency of pile group

The efficiency of the load-bearing capacity of a group pile may be defined

as:

M= Qg(u ) / Qu
Where:
Qg(u)= ultimate load bearing capacity of the group pile.
Qu= ultimate load-bearing capacity of each pile without the group effect
Using simplified analysis to obtain the group efficiency as shown in the following
:formula
= (2(m+n-2) + 4D) / (pmn)
:Where
.m: # of piles in the direction of Lg
.n:# of piles in the direction of Bg
.d: Spacing between piles centers
D: Diameter of the pile
P: Perimeter of pile cross section

Design of a pile cap:

The minimum distance between two piles is 3D.

Pile caps should extend at least 15 cm beyond the outside

face of exterior face of exterior piles.

The minimum thickness of pile cap above pile heads is 30

cm.

The cover in pile caps commonly ranges between 20 & 25

cm .

Design Steps:
1)

Assume depth (d)

2)

Check Punching shear : Vcp > Vult, punching

3)

Check wide beam shear : Vc > Vult

4)

Calculate area of steel needed

5)

Check min. < < max.

Retaining Wall Design:

The retaining wall is designed by PROKON Program :

Conclusions:

From soil report, we note that PI is 25 and cohesion is zero and this ) 1
:can be explained by the following
We have soil contains some clay between gravels, and when we take a
sample of this soil to be tested for atterberg limits to determine PI,we
use sieve #40 and we take the passing which are clay particles and in
.turn this leads to increase the magnitude of plasticity index
. Cohesion is zero since the soil sample is almost gravel
After designing the two alternative choices (single footings and piles ) 2
system) & surveying the quantities for concrete only, we find that it is
more practical, realistic and economical to use single footings
there is no need to make settlement calculations for footings and ) 3
piles ,since we have a gravely soil with B.C of 3.5 kg/cm2(the
..settlements in our situation are tolerable, so we can ignore them)