Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
Angle
classified
Used
for :
In
The
The
m t Vm cos mt
c t Vc cos[ c t ]
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
Where
i.e.
After
be
or
the phase
Carrier
Modulating
Signal
FM
signal
10
Mathematical
analysis:
Let message signal:
m t Vm cos mt
And
carrier signal:
c t Vc cos[ c t ]
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
11
During
i i dt C K1Vm cos m t dt C t
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
K1Vm
sin m t
m
12
Thus,
K1Vm
v FM ( t ) Vc cos 1 VC cos(C t
sin m t )
m
K1Vm
mf
m
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
13
Therefore:
f K1Vm ;
f
mf
fm
K1
14
Tomasi
Electronic Communications Systems, 5e
15
Determine
the
peak
frequency
deviation (f) and modulation index
(m) for an FM modulator with a
deviation sensitivity K1 = 5 kHz/V and
a modulating signal,
v m ( t ) 2 cos(22000 t )
16
Determine
v m ( t ) 2 cos(22000 t )
17
Thus,
m( t ) VC J n ( m) cos c t nm t
18
v t FM VC {J 0 (m f ) cos C t J1 (m f ) cos (C m )t
2
J1 (m f ) cos (C m )t J 2 (m f ) cos (C 2m )t
2
19
It
mf
J n m f
2
2
4
m f / 2
1 m f / 2
....
n 1! n 1! 2! n 2 !
frequency
20
21
22
23
For
24
FM
Bandwidth
Power distribution of FM
Generation & Demodulation of FM
Application of FM
25
Theoretically,
B fm 2nf m
For
n1
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
26
mf + 2; thus
f
2( 2) f m
fm
B fm 2(f f m )........(1)
(1) is called Carsons rule
27
For
28
DR
f (max)
f m (max)
Where
f(max) = max. peak frequency deviation
fm(max) = max. modulating signal frequency
29
Determine
Determine
30
As
This
31
In
At
32
Vc2
Pc
2R
Vc
m( t )
Pt
cos 2 [c t ( t )]
R
R
Vc2 1 1
Vc2
Pt
cos[2c t 2( t )]
R 2 2
2R
..
2R
2R
2R
2R
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
33
For
34
vc(t) = 10 cos(2800kt)
Assume, RL=50
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
35
i)
Direct method:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
FM Reactance modulators
Varactor diode modulators
36
Generation of FM (contd)
1) Reactance
modulator
37
Generation of FM (contd)
2) Varactor diode
modulator
38
Frequency-up conversion.
Two ways:
a.
b.
iii.
Heterodyne method
Multiplication method
39
40
41
2 k f
kp
kp
2 k f
42
FM
demodulation
43
To
The
44
V0(t)
fi
FM input
Phase
detector
Low pass
filter
Amplifier
fvco
VCO
Vc(t)
45
46
Let
47
f0
Vc (t ) f c f 0 k1vm (t )
If
Vc (t ) k1vm (t )
Where
48
49
In
50
= fm
51
52
When this happens the noise will produce a sudden change in the
phase of the FM demodulator output.
53
1.
2.
54
eo (t ) a1ei (t ) a2 ei (t ) a3ei (t )
Where
ei (t ) Ec cos[ wc (t ) (t )]
eo (t ) a1 Ec cos( wc (t ) (t )) a2 Ec cos 2 ( wc (t ) (t ))
2
a3 Ec cos 3 ( wc (t ) (t ))
3
We know that
1 2 cos x
3 cos x cos 3x
3
cos x
; cos x
2
4
2
55
1
3
3
a1 Ec ( a1 Ec a 3 Ec ) cos(2f c (t ) (t ))
2
4
1
2
2
a2 Ec cos ( wc (t ) (t )) a1 Ec cos(2 2 f c (t ) 2 (t ))
2
1
3
a 3 Ec cos(2 3 fc (t ) 3 (t ))
4
eo (t )
After
3
3
eo (t ) (a1 Ec a 3 Ec ) cos(2f c (t ) (t ))
4
Effect
56
Noise
is interference generated by
lightning, motors, automotive ignition
systems, and power line switching that
produces transient signals.
Noise is typically narrow spikes of voltage
with high frequencies.
Noise (voltage spikes) add to a signal and
interfere with it.
Some noise completely obliterates signal
information.
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
57
FM
58
Principle of Communication
Figure 5-11: An FM signal with EKT343
noise.
Engineering
59
Preemphasis
60
Preemphasis circuit.
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
61
Preemphasis
62
Deemphasis circuit.
EKT343 Principle of Communication
Engineering
63
FM
64
65
66
a)
Bandwidth:
Actual minimum bandwidth from
Bessel table:
B 2(n f m )
b)
67
i c Kvm1 Kvm 2
f1
f 2
i C t
sin 1t
sin 2t......
f1
f2
68
v fm t VC cos i
f1
f 2
v fm t VC cos[C t
sin 1t
sin 2t ]
f1
f2
VC cos[C t m f 1 sin 1t m f 2 sin 2t ]...........
69
WBFM
NBFM
Modulation
index
greater than 10
less than 1
Freq deviation
75 kHz
5 kHz
Modulation
frequency
30 Hz- 15 kHZ
3 kHz
Spectrum
Infinite no of
sidebands and carrier
Bandwidth
15 x NBFM
2(*fm (max))
Noise
More suppressed
Less suppressed
Application
Entertainment &
Broadcasting
Mobile
communication
2 fm
70
Wideband
71
Angle
72
END OF ANGLE
MODULATION
73
Determine
74
For
75
For
76
v fm (t ) 38 cos(400 10 t m f sin 10 10 t )
6
77