H UM AN

P O P U LATIO N &
EN V IR O N M EN T :=

INTRODUCTION : Population can be defined as a group

of organisms of the same species
occupying a particular space at
particular time.
The population has doubled since
1950 to the present level.
The growth of population accelerated
after the industrial revolution in the
19th century.
After 1950, it increased at a very fast

Population Table :Country

population
in

million

China
India
U.S.A
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Bangladesh

% of world
Population

1330
1173
310
242
201
177
158

19.5
17.3
4.5
3.5
2.8
2.5
2.4

Rank

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Population G row th
Form ulas :The change in Population per unit
area at particular time is called
population growth.
population growth rate =
[crude birth rate crude death
rate]
100
1000
Growth Ratio = growth rate 100%

Population
Growth Graph

M althusian Theory = >

The English political
economist and
demographer the revered
Dr. Thomas Robert
Malthus published his
treatise Essays on the
principles of population in
1798.

The M althusian theory is based on

the follow ing assum ptions :-

= > The food is necessary for

survivalofm an and therefore their
existence.
= > Population,ifunchecked,
increases at a faster geom etric rate.

Population (N1)

Malthusian Theory
Graph

Time (t)

Different Human settlement

are : Land
Food
Water
Energy resources
Forest resources
Shelter
Air

Land :=
As population increased, people

started taking over more & more

land for human settlement.
They construct
roadways,railways,public complexes
& industries.

Food :=
Ancient man was depended on
animals for food. They does hunting
of animal for their food.
As a population increased, demand
for more land for agriculture also
increased.

W ater :=
As the population increased, due to
shortage of water and also due to
pollution of surface water bodies(like
rivers, lakes, ponds)people started
the use of ground water in terms of
open wells for drinking water
purposes.

Energy resources:=
Earlier man was using fire for

cooking food in forests. They started

using animals as a means of
transport

But, with increase in population

the use and demand of conventional
energy sources (oil, petrol, gas,
diesel, etc.) has considerably
increased leading to depletion of
these sources.

Forest resources:=
Earlier man started living in forest as

the food was easily available, with

increase in population demand of
more land human settlement &
agriculture also increased. This is
very serious effect on wildlife.

Shelter:=
Earlier man started living in forest,

he moves to caves. With increase in

population people started settling by
constructing huts, small colonies,
etc. these colonies expanded to
present village, town & cities.

Air:=
Air is the basic requirement for men.

Earlier days there was not a problem

of fresh air. But today due to
excessive air pollution the air quality
has deteriorated. The people search
to settle themseleves in pollution
free atmosphere.

Factors af e
fcting population
grow th rate:Basic four factors in
population growth : Birth rate & mortality
fertility
migration
age structure

Birthrate & mortality:=

Birth rate is the
number of child birth per
Thousand people, per year.
Mortality rate is the
number of deaths per 1000
people per year.

Fertility:=
fertility is the capability of reproduction of

human beings.
Totle fertility rate :Totle fertility rate is the
average number of children born to woman
during her life time.

1.6
countries=3.5

in developed countries TFR=

in less developed

Migration:=
It is movement of Individuals
into or out of a place or
country. Net immigration which
may be positive, negative or
zero is only responsible for
change in growth rate.

Age structure:=
The age structure of a given

population refers to the number of

individuals of different ages within
that population.

Three groups based on age:=

Pre-reproductive group = 0-14
years
reproductive group
= 1544 years
post-reproductive
= 45

Effects of Population :1. Decrease in agriculture land

2. Reduction in living standard of
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

people
Increase in migration rate
Increase in unemployment
Energy crisis
High crime rate
Low per capita income

Control of Population
explosion:1. Education
2.
3.
4.
5.

Living standards & employment

Government benefits
Publicity
Participation of NGOs (Nongovernment
Organizations)

-: Urbanization :Causes of Urbanization

Attraction towards

fast and glamorous

city life.
Sports & recreational

facilities develop in
cities.

Effects of urbanization

Growth of slump.
Social tension

increase, criminal
activities breed in
towns & cities.

Modern health care

facilities are available

in cities.

Release of harmful

industries causes
acid rain.