Energy Methods

Fourth Edition
CHAPTER
11
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Energy Methods
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
Fourth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beer Johnston DeWolf
Energy Methods
Strain Energy
Strain Energy Density
Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses
Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses
Sample Problem 11.2
Strain Energy for a General State of Stress
Impact Loading
Example 11.06
Example 11.07
Design for Impact Loads
Work and Energy Under a Single Load
Deflection Under a Single Load
Sample Problem 11.4

Work and Energy Under Several Loads
Castiglianos Theorem
Deflections by Castiglianos Theorem
Sample Problem 11.5
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fourth
Strain Energy
A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly increasing
load
The elementary work done by the load P as the rod
elongates by a small dx is
dU P dx elementary work
which is equal to the area of width dx under the loaddeformation diagram.

The total work done by the load for a deformation x1,
x1
U P dx total work strain energy

0
which results in an increase of strain energy in the rod.

In the case of a linear elastic deformation,
x1
U kx dx 12 kx12 12 P1x1
0
Fourth
Strain Energy Density

To eliminate the effects of size, evaluate the strainenergy per unit volume,
x
1
U
P dx

V 0A L
u x d x strain energy density

0
The total strain energy density resulting from the

deformation is equal to the area under the curve to
As the material is unloaded, the stress returns to zero
but there is a permanent deformation. Only the strain
energy represented by the triangular area is recovered.
Remainder of the energy spent in deforming the material
is dissipated as heat.
Fourth
Strain-Energy Density
The strain energy density resulting from
setting R is the modulus of toughness.
The energy per unit volume required to cause
the material to rupture is related to its
ductility as well as its ultimate strength.
If the stress remains within the proportional
limit,
1
E12 12
u E x d x
2
2E
0
The strain energy density resulting from

setting Y is the modulus of resilience.
Y2
uY
modulus of resilience
2E
Fourth

In an element with a nonuniform stress distribution,
U dU
dV
V 0 V
u lim
U u dV total strain energy
For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional

limit,
x2
U
dV elastic strain energy
2E
Under axial loading, x P A

L
P2
U
dx
2 AE
0
For a rod of uniform cross-section,

P2L
U
2 AE
dV A dx
Fourth

For a beam subjected to a bending load,
x2
M 2 y2
U dV
dV
2
2E
2 EI
Setting dV = dA dx,
M 2
2
U
dA dx
y dA dx
2
2
2 EI
2 EI A
0 A
0
L
My
I
M 2 y2
M2
dx
2 EI
For an end-loaded cantilever beam,

M Px
L
P2 x2
P 2 L3
U
dx
2 EI
6 EI
0
Fourth

For a material subjected to plane shearing
stresses,
xy
xy d xy
0
For values of xy within the proportional limit,

u
1 G 2
xy
2
12 xy xy
2
xy
2G
The total strain energy is found from

U u dV
2
xy
2G
dV
Fourth

For a shaft subjected to a torsional load,
U
2
xy
2G
dV
T 2 2
2GJ
dV
Setting dV = dA dx,
T 2
2
U
dA dx
dA dx
2
2
0 A 2GJ
0 2GJ A
L
xy
T
J
T 2 2
T2
dx
2GJ
0
In the case of a uniform shaft,

T 2L
U
2GJ
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.2

SOLUTION:
Determine the reactions at A and B
from a free-body diagram of the
complete beam.
Develop a diagram of the bending
moment distribution.
a) Taking into account only the normal
stresses due to bending, determine the
strain energy of the beam for the
loading shown.
b) Evaluate the strain energy knowing
that the beam is a W10x45, P = 40
kips, L = 12 ft, a = 3 ft, b = 9 ft, and E
= 29x106 psi.
Integrate over the volume of the

beam to find the strain energy.
Apply the particular given
conditions to evaluate the strain
energy.
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.2

SOLUTION:
Determine the reactions at A and B
from a free-body diagram of the
complete beam.
RA
Pb
L
RB
Pa
L
Develop a diagram of the bending

moment distribution.
M1
Pb
x
L
M2
Pa
v
L
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.2

Integrate over the volume of the beam to find
the strain energy.
a
M12
M 22
U
dx
dv
2 EI
2 EI
a
Over the portion AD,

M1
Pb
x
L
Over the portion BD,

M2
Pa
v
L
1 P 2 b 2a3 a 2b3
P 2 a 2b 2
a b
2
2 EI L2 3
3
6 EIL
P 2a 2b 2
U
6 EIL
P 45 kips
L 144 in.
a 36 in.
b 108 in.
E 29 103 ksi I 248 in 4
1 Pb
1 Pa
x
dx
x dx
2 EI L
2 EI L
0
0
40 kips 2 36 in 2 108 in 2
U
6 29 103 ksi 248 in 4 144 in
U 3.89 in kips
Fourth
Strain Energy for a General State of Stress

Previously found strain energy due to uniaxial stress and plane
shearing stress. For a general state of stress,
u 12 x x y y z z xy xy yz yz zx zx
With respect to the principal axes for an elastic, isotropic body,

u
1 2
a b2 c2 2 a b b c c a
2E
uv ud
uv
1 2v
a b c 2 due to volume change
6E
ud
1
a b 2 b c 2 c a 2 due to distortion
12G
Basis for the maximum distortion energy failure criteria,

Y2
ud u d Y
for a tensile test specimen
6G
Fourth
Impact Loading
To determine the maximum stress m
- Assume that the kinetic energy is
transferred entirely to the
structure,
U m 12 mv02
- Assume that the stress-strain

diagram obtained from a static test
is also valid under impact loading.
Consider a rod which is hit at its
end with a body of mass m moving
with a velocity v0.
Rod deforms under impact. Stresses
reach a maximum value m and then
disappear.
Maximum value of the strain energy,

2
m
Um
dV
2E
For the case of a uniform rod,

2U m E
mv02 E
m
V
V
Fourth
Example 11.06
SOLUTION:
Due to the change in diameter, the
normal stress distribution is
nonuniform.
Find the static load Pm which produces
the same strain energy as the impact.
Evaluate the maximum stress
resulting from the static load Pm
Body of mass m with velocity v0 hits
the end of the nonuniform rod BCD.
Knowing that the diameter of the
portion BC is twice the diameter of
portion CD, determine the maximum
value of the normal stress in the rod.
Fourth
Example 11.06
Pm2 L 2 Pm2 L 2 5 Pm2 L
Um
AE
4 AE
16 AE
Pm
SOLUTION:
Due to the change in diameter,
the normal stress distribution is
nonuniform.
U m 12 mv02
2
m
2E
dV
2
m
V
2E
16 U m AE
5
L
Evaluate the maximum stress resulting

from the static load Pm
P
m m
A
16 U m E
5 AL
8 mv02 E
5 AL
Fourth
Example 11.07
SOLUTION:
The normal stress varies linearly along
the length of the beam and across a
transverse section.
A block of weight W is dropped from a
height h onto the free end of the
cantilever beam. Determine the
maximum value of the stresses in the
beam.
Fourth
Example 11.07
For an end-loaded cantilever beam,
Pm2 L3
Um
6 EI
Pm
6U m EI
L3
SOLUTION:
The normal stress varies linearly
along the length of the beam and
across a transverse section.
U m Wh
2
2
m
m
V
dV
2E
2E

M m c Pm Lc
m
I
I
6U m E
2
LI c
6WhE
L I c2
Fourth
Design for Impact Loads

For the case of a uniform rod,
m
2U m E
V
For the case of the nonuniform rod,

m
16 U m E
5 AL
V 4 A L / 2 A L / 2 5 AL / 2
8U m E
V
For the case of the cantilever beam

Maximum stress reduced by:
uniformity of stress
low modulus of elasticity with
high yield strength
high volume
6U m E
L I c2
L I / c 2 L 14 c 4 / c 2 14 c 2 L 14 V
24U m E
V
Fourth

Strain energy may also be found from
the work of the single load P1,
x1
U P dx
0
For an elastic deformation,

Previously, we found the strain
energy by integrating the energy
density over the volume.
For a uniform rod,
U u dV
L
dV
2E
P1 A 2 Adx
2E
P12 L
2 AE
x1
x1
U P dx kx dx 12 k x12 12 P1x1
Knowing the relationship between

force and displacement,
PL
x1 1
AE
2
P
L
P
L
U 12 P1 1 1
AE 2 AE
Fourth

Strain energy may be found from the work of other types
of single concentrated loads.
Transverse load
y1
1Py
P
dy
2 1 1
0
2 3
P1L3
P
1
L
6 EI
3EI
1P
2 1
Bending couple
U M d 12 M11
0
1M
2 1
M1L M12 L

EI
2 EI
Torsional couple
U T d 12 T11
0
1T
2 1
T1L T12 L

JG 2 JG
Fourth
Deflection Under a Single Load

If the strain energy of a structure due to a
single concentrated load is known, then the
equality between the work of the load and
energy may be used to find the deflection.
Strain energy of the structure,
2
2
FBC
LBC FBD
LBD
U
2 AE
2 AE
From the given geometry,

LBC 0.6 l
LBD 0.8 l
From statics,
FBC 0.6 P FBD 0.8P
P 2l 0.6 3 0.8 3
P 2l
0.364
2 AE
AE
Equating work and strain energy,

P2L 1
U 0.364
P yB
AE 2
yB 0.728
Pl
AE
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.4

SOLUTION:
Find the reactions at A and B from a
free-body diagram of the entire truss.
Apply the method of joints to
determine the axial force in each
member.
Members of the truss shown consist of
sections of aluminum pipe with the
cross-sectional areas indicated. Using
E = 73 GPa, determine the vertical
deflection of the point E caused by the
load P.
Evaluate the strain energy of the

truss due to the load P.
Equate the strain energy to the work
of P and solve for the displacement.
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.4

SOLUTION:
Find the reactions at A and B from a freebody diagram of the entire truss.
Ax 21 P 8
Ay P
B 21 P 8
Apply the method of joints to determine

the axial force in each member.
FDE 17
P
8
FAC 15
P
8
FDE 54 P
FCE 15
P
8
FCD 0
FCE 21
P
8
FAB 0
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.4
Evaluate the strain energy of the

truss due to the load P.
Fi2 Li
1
Fi2 Li
U
Ai
2 Ai E 2 E
1
29700 P 2
2E
Equate the strain energy to the work by P

and solve for the displacement.
1 Py
E
2
2U 2 29700 P 2
yE
P P
2 E
29.7 103 40 103

yE
9
73 10
yE 16.27 mm
Fourth
Work and Energy Under Several Loads

Deflections of an elastic beam subjected to two
concentrated loads,
x1 x11 x12 11P1 12 P2
x2 x21 x22 21P1 22 P2
Compute the strain energy in the beam by

evaluating the work done by slowly applying
P1 followed by P2,
U 12 11P12 212 P1P2 22 P22
Reversing the application sequence yields
U 12 22 P22 2 21P2 P1 11P12
Strain energy expressions must be equivalent.

It follows that (Maxwells reciprocal
theorem).
Fourth
Castiglianos Theorem
Strain energy for any elastic structure
subjected to two concentrated loads,
U 12 11P12 212 P1P2 22 P22
Differentiating with respect to the loads,

U
11P1 12 P2 x1
P1
U
12 P1 22 P2 x2
P2
Castiglianos theorem: For an elastic structure

subjected to n loads, the deflection xj of the
point of application of Pj can be expressed as
xj
U
Pj
and j
U
M j
U
T j
Fourth
Deflections by Castiglianos Theorem

Application of Castiglianos theorem is
simplified if the differentiation with respect to
the load Pj is performed before the integration
or summation to obtain the strain energy U.
In the case of a beam,
L
M2
U
dx
2 EI
0
U
M M
xj
dx
Pj
EI Pj
0
For a truss,
n
Fi2 Li
U
2A E
i 1 i
n
U
F L F
xj
i i i
Pj i 1 Ai E Pj
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.5

SOLUTION:
For application of Castiglianos theorem,
introduce a dummy vertical load Q at C.
Find the reactions at A and B due to the
dummy load from a free-body diagram of
the entire truss.
Members of the truss shown
consist of sections of aluminum
pipe with the cross-sectional areas
indicated. Using E = 73 GPa,
determine the vertical deflection of
the joint C caused by the load P.
Apply the method of joints to determine

the axial force in each member due to Q.
Combine with the results of Sample
Problem 11.4 to evaluate the derivative
with respect to Q of the strain energy of
the truss due to the loads P and Q.
Setting Q = 0, evaluate the derivative
which is equivalent to the desired
displacement at C.
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.5

SOLUTION:
Find the reactions at A and B due to a dummy load Q
at C from a free-body diagram of the entire truss.
Ax 34 Q
Ay Q
B 34 Q
Apply the method of joints to determine the axial

force in each member due to Q.
FCE FDE 0
FAC 0; FCD Q
FAB 0; FBD 34 Q
Fourth
Sample Problem 11.5
Combine with the results of Sample Problem 11.4 to evaluate the derivative
with respect to Q of the strain energy of the truss due to the loads P and Q.
Fi Li Fi 1
4306 P 4263Q
A
E
Q
E
i
yC
Setting Q = 0, evaluate the derivative which is equivalent to the desired

displacement at C.
yC
4306 40 103 N
9
73 10 Pa
yC 2.36 mm

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Fourth Edition

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.4

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

which is equal to the area of width dx under the loaddeformation diagram.

U P dx total work strain energy

which results in an increase of strain energy in the rod.

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Strain Energy Density

u x d x strain energy density

The total strain energy density resulting from the

Beer Johnston DeWolf

The strain energy density resulting from

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

U u dV total strain energy

For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional

Under axial loading, x P A

For a rod of uniform cross-section,

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

For an end-loaded cantilever beam,

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses

For values of xy within the proportional limit,

The total strain energy is found from

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses

In the case of a uniform shaft,

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.2

Integrate over the volume of the

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.2

Develop a diagram of the bending

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 11.2

Over the portion AD,

Over the portion BD,

E 29 103 ksi I 248 in 4

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Strain Energy for a General State of Stress

With respect to the principal axes for an elastic, isotropic body,

Basis for the maximum distortion energy failure criteria,

Beer Johnston DeWolf

- Assume that the stress-strain

Maximum value of the strain energy,

For the case of a uniform rod,

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Evaluate the maximum stress resulting

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf