Professional Documents
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Pumping System in an
Industry
Centrifugal Pump
Construction and
Component
1000
100
10
Centrifugal pump
1
0.1
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
out
s 1 mm
disk 50 mm
in
60
D2 = 50mm
H(m)
40
(%)
D2=50mm, N=3000rpm
1
20
0
0
100
200
300
Q(ml/min)
400
500
D2 = 50mm
Casing
Volute
- area enlarge along flow direction
- create uniform velocity distribution
Diffuser
- large size centrifugal pump
- guide vanes surround the impeller
- fluid flow decelerated while
directed to enter the volute
Working
Principles
Ki
ne
tic
en
e
rg
y
re
u
s
s
pre
Fluid
Installation
Inlet head :
pi Vi 2
Z i
g 2 g
Outlet head :
po Vo2
Z o
g 2 g
po pi Vo2 Vi 2
H
Z o Z i
g
2g
H H s losses
H s h fi h fo hin hout
H = manometric head
hfi = friction loss at inlet
hfi = friction loss at outlet
hin= inlet loss
hout = outlet loss
Impeller
Theoretical Assumptions:
No tangential flow in
the blade passage
Impeller blades are
infinitely thin
No Velocity variation
across impeller width
Analysis only at inlet
and outlet
Radial inlet flow
U 2C x 2 U1C x1
h E
g
slip factor :
'
x2
C
s
Cx2
slip
STODOLA PROPOSAL
C x e
STODOLA PROPOSAL
If the number of blades is Z, and impeller circumference is
2 r2 then the distance between blades is 2 r2/Z = 2e/sin
Then :
sin 2
s 1
Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
A B Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
s
1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
A and B are function of 2 , Z and r2 r1
0.63
s 1
Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
Example
The impeller of a centrifugal pump has backward-facing blades inclined at
30o to the tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in depth at the
outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450 rpm. The flow
rate through the pump is 0.028 m3/s and a slip factor of 0.77 may be
assumed. Assume also the blades of infinitesimal thickness. Determine the
theoretical and actual head developed by the impeller, and the number of
impeller blades
Solution:
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate
Q D2Cr 2b2
Cr 2 Q D2b2
U 2 D2 N 60 0.251450 / 60 19 m/s
C x 2 U 2 Wx 2 19 3.08 15.92 m/s
Theoretical (Euler) head
U 2C x 2 U1C x1
E
C x1 0( flow enters radially at inlet )
g
1915.92 30.83 m (ans.)
E
9.81
Actual head with slip
C x' 2 s .C x 2
s 1 sin 2 Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
Z 1 1.78 19 cot 30
(ans.)
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power
loss, Pm
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power loss, Pm
Pump Losses
2. Impeller (Disc) friction power loss, Pi
Head loss : hi
Flow rate : Qi
Pi = g Qi hi
Pump Losses
3. Leakage and recirculation power loss, Pl
Pl = g qi Hi
Pump Losses
4. Casing power loss, Pc
Head loss : hc
Flow rate : Q
Pc = g Qhc
Pump
Losses H-Q
Diagram
Efficiency
Overall Efficiency
gQH i H i
Volumetric Efficiency
Efficiency
Fluid power at impeller exit
Impeller Efficiency
Fluid power supplied to impeller
Fluid power at impeller exit
gQ i H i hi H i hi
Fluid power supplied to impeller
Mechanical Efficiency
Power input to the shaft
gQi hi H i
m
Ps
Actual head developed by pump
Hydraulic Efficiency
Theoretical head developed by impeller
H
H
H
H i hi E
Efficiency Relation
H ci
o ci v m H v m
Ps Pm g hi Qi hc Q H i q QH
Ps T PM
PS
PM
T
where :
QD is design flowrate
h f K 4Q 2
Outlet velocity
Q;H
Q;H
for 2 90 o
E U 2 U 2 Cr 2 cot 2 g
E U 22 g QU 2 cot 2 gA H a bQ
for 2 90o
H a
for 2 90o
H a bQ
Actual
characteristic curves
Function:
1. Collector
2. Diffuser
Deviation in capacity from
the design condition will
result in a radial thrust (P):
P 495 KHD2 B2
where : K 0.36 1 Q QD
Circular section to
reduce losses due to
friction and impact
Function:
P = radial force (N)
H = Head (m)
D2 = peripheral diameter (m)
B2 = impeller width (m)
Continuity:
C x C x 2 r2 r usually C x Cr
C Cx
Then:
C C x 2 r2 r
Radius, r
Outlet kinetic energi
Then:
2 tan ' ln r r2
angle of diffuser
Cavitation in Pumps
Vapour bubbles formation of the liquid as the local
absolute static pressure of a liquid falls below the vapour
pressure
occurs mainly at the suction side (at the eye of impeller as the
velocity increases and pressure decreases)
Local pitting of impeller cavitation erosion
Noise
Decrease pump efficiency
pi Vi 2 pvap
NPSH
g 2 g g
pvap
pi Vi
g 2 g g
NPSH
Measurement of NPSHR by 3%
head reduction
Example of pump documentation
p1
p2 V22
p2 V22
p1
z1
losessinlet
z1 lossesinlet
g
g 2 g
g 2 g g
At inlet p2 = pi ; V2 = Vi and lossesinlet = hin + hfi, then:
NPSH available at impeller inlet :
p1 pvap
NPSH A
z1 hi h fi
g g
Cavitation ~ NPSH
To avoid cavitation in a pump operation
NPSH A NPSH R
or
A R
N suc
NQ1/ 2
g NPSH 3 / 4
f , N suc
Cavitation parameter
Ns
NPSH
N suc
H 3/ 4
3/ 4
3/ 4
Similarity Laws
NPSH 1
2
2
N1 N 2 D1 D2 1 2
NPSH 2
Example
When a laboratory test was carried out on a pump, it was found that, for a
pump total head of 36 m at discharde of 0.05 m3/s, cavitation began when the
sum of the static pressure plus the velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.5
m. The atmospheric pressure was 750 mmHg and the vapour pressure of
water 1.8 kPa. If the pump is to operate at a location where atmospheric
pressure is reduced to 620 mmHg and the vapour pressure of water is 830
Pa, what is the value of the cavitation parameter when the pump develops the
same total head and discharge? Is it necessary to reduce the height of the
pump above the supply, and if so by how much?