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Fine Structures
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Size of a Bacteria
http://weblife.org/humanure/images/fig3-1.jpg 2
Shape of Common Bacteria
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Arrangements
streptococci
sarcina
staphylococci
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Structures of a Typical Bacterial Cell
Capsule
Cytoplas
m
Ribosome
s Cell
Inclusio Wall
n Plasma
membrane
Nuclear area
(nucleoid)
containing DNA
Capsule Plasmid
Fimbria
e
6 b
Figure 4.6a,
Structures of a Typical Bacterial Cell:
Structures External to the Cell Wall
Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial filaments
Fimbriae
Pili
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Structures External to the Cell Wall:
Glycocalyx
“sugar coat”
Substances that surround cells
Capsule
Organized & firmly attached to the cell wall
Determined by negative staining
Protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis
8 b
Figure 4.6a,
Structures External to the Cell Wall:
Flagella
“whip”
Long filamentous
appendages that
propel bacteria
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Structures External to the Cell Wall:
Flagella
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Structures External to the Cell Wall:
Flagellar Arrangement
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Structures External to the Cell Wall:
Axial Filaments
Endoflagella
In spirochetes
Anchored at one
end of a cell
Rotation causes cell
to move
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Structures External to the Cell Wall:
Fimbriae and Pili
Fimbriae – enable a
cell to adhere to
surfaces
Pili – used to
transfer DNA from
one cell to another
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The Cell Wall
A complex, semi-rigid structure responsible for
the shape of the cell
Functions:
Prevents osmotic lysis
Helps maintain the shape of the bacterium
Serves as point of anchorage for flagella
Contributes to microorganisms’ pathogenicity
Site of action of some antibiotics
Used to differentiate major types of bacteria
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The Cell Wall:
Composition & Characteristics
Made of peptidoglycan
Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-
acetylmuramic acid (NAM) = glycan part
Linked by polypeptides = peptide part
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The Cell Wall:
Composition & Characteristics
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Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
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The Cell Wall:
Composition & Characteristics
Gram Positive Gram Negative
Color of Gram-stained cell Purple Reddish pink
Representative genera Bacillus, Escherichia,
Staphylococcus Pseudomonas
Distinguishing
Characteristics/Components
Peptidoglycan Thick layer Thin layer
Teichoic acid Present Absent
Periplasm Absent Present
Outer Membrane Absent Present
Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) Absent Present
Porin proteins Absent Present
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The Cell Wall:
Composition & Characteristics
Gram Positive Gram Negative
General Characteristics
Archaea
Wall-less, or
Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D
amino acids)
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Plasma Membrane
ATP production
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Plasma Membrane
Structures
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane
proteins
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Cytoplasm
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Nuclear Area (Nucleoid)
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal genetic elements
Not connected to the bacterial chromosome
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Ribosomes
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Inclusions
Metachromatic granules Phosphate reserves
Polysaccharide granules Energy reserves
Lipid inclusions Energy reserves
Sulfur granules Energy reserves
Carboxysomes Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate
carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Gas vacuoles Protein covered cylinders
Magnetosomes Iron oxide
(destroys H2O2)
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Inclusions
Inclusions are aggregates of various
compounds that are normally involved in
storing energy reserves or building
blocks for the cell.
Inclusions accumulate when a cell is grown
in the presence of excess nutrients and
they are often observed under laboratory
conditions
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Structures Internal to the Cell Wall:
Endospores
Bacillus, Clostridium
Resting cells
Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Sporulation: Endospore formation
Germination: Return to vegetative state
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Form inside of
vegetative cells
(hence “endo”).
Endospores
Characteristic of
many soil bacteria,
e.g., Bacillus spp.
& Clostridium spp.
Highly resistant to
heat, U.V.,
desiccation, etc.
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References
Talaro KP. (1999). Foundations in Microbiology: An Introduction.
(1994). USA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Tortora GJ, BR Funke & CL Case. (1995). Microbiology: An
Introduction. Bridge Parkway, CA: The Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.
Masserrat, E., Lu, P., and Taucher, J. Using Morphology
Characteristics to Study Bacterial Diversity, Pennsylvania State
University
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Acknowledgment
DFCornago, Instructor, Department of Food
Science and Nutrition, College of Home
Economics, University of the Philippines,
Diliman.
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