ECE 476

Power System Analysis

Lecture 9: Transformers

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu

Announcements
Please read Chapter 3
H4 is 4.34, 4.41, 5.2, 5.7, 5.16

It should be turned in on Sept 24 (hence no quiz this

week)

Lossless Transmission Lines

V ( x) VR cosh x VR sinh x
I ( x) I R cosh x I R sinh x
V ( x)
Zc
I ( x)
2

V(x)
Define
as the surge impedance load (SIL).
Zc
Since the line is lossless this implies
V ( x) VR
I ( x) I R

If P > SIL then line consumes

vars; otherwise line generates vars.
3

Tree Trimming: Before

Tree Trimming: After

Transformers Overview
Power systems are characterized by many different
voltage levels, ranging from 765 kV down to
240/120 volts.
Transformers are used to transfer power between
different voltage levels.
The ability to inexpensively change voltage levels
is a key advantage of ac systems over dc systems.
In this section well development models for the
transformer and discuss various ways of
connecting three phase transformers.
6

Transmission to Distribution
Transfomer

Transmission Level Transformer

Ideal Transformer
First we review the voltage/current relationships
for an ideal transformer

no real power losses

magnetic core has infinite permeability
no leakage flux

Well define the primary side of the transformer

as the side that usually takes power, and the
secondary as the side that usually delivers power.

primary is usually the side with the higher voltage, but

may be the low voltage side on a generator step-up
transformer.
9

Ideal Transformer Relationships

Assume we have flux m in magnetic material. Then

1 N1m
2 N 2m
d 1
d m
d 2
d m
v1
N1
v2

N2
dt
dt
dt
dt
d m
v1
v2
v1
N1

a = turns ratio
dt
N1
N2
v2
N2
10

Current Relationships
To get the current relationships use ampere's law
mmf

'
H
g
d
L

N
i

N
i
11
22

H length N1i1 N 2i2'

B length
N1i1 N 2i2'

Assuming uniform flux density in the core

length
'
N1i1 N 2i2
area
11

Current/Voltage Relationships
If is infinite then 0 N1i1 N 2i2' . Hence
i1
N2

or
'
N1
i2

i1
N2 1

i2
N1 a

Then
v1
i
1

0
v2

1
0 i2

12

Impedance Transformation Example

Example: Calculate the primary voltage and current
for an impedance load on the secondary
v1
i
1
v1 a v2

i1

0
1

v2
v
2 Z

1 v2

aZ

v1
a2 Z
i1
13

Real Transformers
Real transformers

have losses
have leakage flux
have finite permeability of magnetic core

Real power losses

resistance in windings (i2 R)
core losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis

14

Transformer Core losses

Eddy currents arise because of changing flux in core.
Eddy currents are reduced by laminating the core

Hysteresis losses are proportional to area of BH curve

and the frequency
These losses are reduced
by using material with a
thin BH curve
15

Effect of Leakage Flux

Not all flux is within the transformer core
1 l1 N1m

2 l 2 N 2m
Assuming a linear magnetic medium we get
l1 @ Ll1i1

l 2 @ Ll 2i 2'

dm
di1
v1 r1i1 Ll1 N1
dt
dt
'

v 2 r2i 2 Ll 2

di 2'

dm
N2
dt
dt
16

Effect of Finite Core Permeability

Finite core permeability means a non-zero mmf
is required to maintain m in the core
N1i1 N 2i2 m
This value is usually modeled as a magnetizing current
m N 2
i1

i2
N1
N1
i1

N2
im
i2
N1

m
where i m
N1

17

Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Using the previous relationships, we can derive an
equivalent circuit model for the real transformer

This model is further simplified by referring all

impedances to the primary side
r2' a 2 r2

re r1 r2'

x2' a 2 x2

xe x1 x2'

18

Simplified Equivalent Circuit

19

Calculation of Model Parameters

The parameters of the model are determined based
upon

nameplate data: gives the rated voltages and power

open circuit test: rated voltage is applied to primary with
secondary open; measure the primary current and losses
(the test may also be done applying the voltage to the
secondary, calculating the values, then referring the
values back to the primary side).
short circuit test: with secondary shorted, apply voltage
to primary to get rated current to flow; measure voltage
and losses.

20

Transformer Example
Example: A single phase, 100 MVA, 200/80 kV
transformer has the following test data:
open circuit: 20 amps, with 10 kW losses
short circuit: 30 kV, with 500 kW losses
Determine the model parameters.

21

Transformer Example, contd

From the short circuit test
100 MVA
30 kV
I sc
500 A, R e jX e
60
200kV
500 A
2
Psc Re I sc
500 kW R e 2 ,

Hence X e 602 22 60
From the open circuit test
200 kV 2
Rc
4M
10 kW
200 kV
R e jX e jX m
10, 000
20 A

X m 10, 000
22

Residential Distribution Transformers

Single phase transformers are commonly used in
residential distribution systems. Most distribution
systems are 4 wire, with a multi-grounded, common
neutral.

23

Per Unit Calculations

A key problem in analyzing power systems is the
large number of transformers.

It would be very difficult to continually have to refer

impedances to the different sides of the transformers

This problem is avoided by a normalization of all

variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.
actual quantity
quantity in per unit
base value of quantity

24

Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1

1. Pick a 1 VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level,
VB. Voltage bases are related by transformer turns
ratios. Voltages are line to neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit
Note, per unit conversion on affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
25

Per Unit Solution Procedure

1. Convert to per unit (p.u.) (many problems are
already in per unit)
2. Solve
3. Convert back to actual as necessary

26

Per Unit Example

Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an SB of100MVA,andvoltagebasesof
8kV,80kVand16kV.

Original Circuit
27

Per Unit Example, contd

Left
ZB

8kV 2

0.64
100 MVA

Z BMiddle
Z BRight

80kV 2

64
100 MVA

16kV 2

2.56
100 MVA

Same circuit, with

values expressed
in per unit.

28

Per Unit Example, contd

1.00
I
0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 j 2.327
VL 1.00 0.22 30.8
p.u.
2

VL
SL

0.189 p.u.
Z
SG 1.00 0.2230.8 30.8p.u.
VL I L*

29

Per Unit Example, contd

To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base
V LActual 0.859 30.8 16 kV 13.7 30.8 kV
S LActual 0.1890 100 MVA 18.90 MVA
SGActual 0.2230.8 100 MVA 22.030.8 MVA
I Middle
B

100 MVA

1250 Amps
80 kV

I Actual
Middle 0.22 30.8 Amps 275 30.8
30

Per Unit Change of MVA Base

Parameters for equipment are often given using
power rating of equipment as the MVA base
To analyze a system all per unit data must be on a
common power base
NewBase
Z OriginalBase

Z
pu
actual
pu

Hence ZOriginalBase

pu
ZOriginalBase

pu

2
Vbase

/
OriginalBase

S Base

NewBase
S Base

OriginalBase
S Base

2
Vbase

NewBase
S Base

NewBase
Z pu

NewBase
Z pu
31

Per Unit Change of Base Example

A 54 MVA transformer has a leakage reactance of
3.69%. What is the reactance on a 100 MVA base?
100
X e 0.0369
0.0683 p.u.
54

32

Transformer Reactance
Transformer reactance is often specified as a
percentage, say 10%. This is a per unit value
(divide by 100) on the power base of the
transformer.
Example: A 350 MVA, 230/20 kV transformer has
leakage reactance of 10%. What is p.u. value on
100 MVA base? What is value in ohms (230 kV)?
100
X e 0.10
0.0286 p.u.
350
2

230
0.0286
15.1
100

33

Three Phase Transformers

There are 4 different ways to connect 3
transformers
Y-Y
-

Usually 3 transformers are constructed so all windings

share a common core
34

3 Transformer Interconnections
-Y

Y-

35

Y-Y Connection

Magnetic coupling with An/an, Bn/bn & Cn/cn

VAn
VAB
IA 1
a,
a,

Van
Vab
Ia a
36