Trigonometric Functions And

Applications

.1 Angles and Their Measures

.2 Trigonometric Functions and Fundamental
Identities
.3 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions
.4 Applications of Right Triangles
.5 The Circular Functions
.6 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions
.7 Graphs of the Other Circular Functions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-2

 .1 Angles and Arcs

• Basic Terminology
– Two distinct points A and B determine the line AB.
– The portion of the line including the points A and B is the
line segment AB.
– The portion of the line that starts at A and continues
through B is called ray AB.
– An angle is formed by rotating a ray, the initial side,
around its endpoint, the vertex, to a terminal side.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-3

 .1 Degree Measure

• Degree Measure
– Developed by the Babylonians around 4000 yrs ago.
– Divided the circumference of the circle into 360
parts. One possible reason for this is because there are
approximately that number of days in a year.
• There are 360° in one rotation.
– An acute angle is an angle between 0° and 90°.
– A right angle is an angle that is exactly 90°.
– An obtuse angle is an angle that is greater than 90°
but less than 180°.
– A straight angle is an angle that is exactly 180°.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-4

 .1 Finding Measures of Complementary
and Supplementary Angles
• If the sum of two positive angles is 90°, the angles are
called complementary.
• If the sum of two positive angles is 180°, the angles are
called supplementary.

Example Find the measure of each angle in the given figure.

(a) (b)

6m  3m  90 (Complementary angles) 4k  6k  180 (Supplementary angles)

m 10 k 18
Angles are 60 and 30 degrees Angles are 72 and 108 degrees
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-5
 .1 Calculating With Degrees, Minutes,
and Seconds
• One minute, written 1', is 1
60 of a degree.
1  601 or 60  1


• One second, written 1", is 1

60 of a minute.
 1'
1  60  3600
1 
or 60  1
   
Example Perform the calculation 51 29  32 46 .

Solution 5129
 3246
8375

Since 75' = 1° + 15', the sum is written as 84°15'.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-6
 .1 Converting Between Decimal Degrees
and Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds
Example
(a) Convert 74º814 to decimal degrees.
(b) Convert 34.817º to degrees, minutes, and
seconds.

Analytic Solution
(a) Since 1  601 and 1  3600
 1 
,
 
8 14
74 814  74 
 

60 3600
 74  .1333  .0039  74.137 .
   

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-7

 .1 Converting Between Decimal Degrees
and Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds
(b) 34.817  34  .817
  

 34  .817(60)
 34  49.02
 34  49  .02
 34  49  .02(60)
 34  49  1.2
 34491.2
Graphing Calculator Solution

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-8

 .1 Coterminal Angles

• Quadrantal Angles are

angles in standard
position (vertex at the
origin and initial side
along the positive x-
axis) with terminal sides
along the x or y axis,
i.e. 90°, 180°, 270°, etc.

• Coterminal Angles are

angles that have the same
initial side and the same
terminal side.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-9

 .1 Finding Measures of Coterminal
Angles
Example Find the angles of smallest possible positive
measure coterminal with each angle.
(a) 908° (b) –75°

Solution Add or subtract 360° as many times as

needed to get an angle between 0° and 360°.
(a) 908  2  360  188

(b) 360  (75 )  285

• Let n be an integer, we have an infinite number of

coterminal angles: e.g. 60° + n· 360°.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-10
 .1 Radian Measure

An angle with its vertex at the

center of a circle that intercepts
an arc on the circle equal in
length to the radius of the circle
has a measure of 1 radian.

• The radian is a real number, where the degree is a unit of

measurement.
• The circumference of a circle, given by C = 2 r, where r
is the radius of the circle, shows that an angle of 360º has
measure 2 radians.
360  2 radians or 180   radians
 

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-11

 .1 Converting Between Degrees and
Radians
• Multiply a radian measure by 180º/ and simplify
to convert to degrees. For example,
9 9  180 
    405
.
4 4   
• Multiply a degree measure by  /180º and simplify
to convert to radians. For example,

   
45  45

radians   radians.
 180  4

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-12

 .1 Converting Between Degrees and
Radians With the Graphing Calculator
Example Convert 249.8º to radians.
Solution
Put the calculator in radian mode.

Example Convert 4.25 radians to degrees.

Solution
Put the calculator in degree mode.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-13

 .1 Equivalent Angle Measures in
Degrees and Radians

Figure 18 pg 9
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-14
 .1 Arc Length

The length s of the arc intercepted on a circle of radius r by a

central angle of measure  radians is given by the product of
the radius and the radian measure of the angle, or
s = r,  in radians

Example A circle has a radius of 25 inches. Find the

length of an arc intercepted by a central angle of 45º.
   
Solution 45  45

  radians
 180  4
 
s  25   6.25 inches
4
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-15
 .1 Linear and Angular Speed

• Angular speed  (omega) measures the speed of

rotation and is defined by

  ,  in radians in time t.
t
• Linear speed  is defined by
s
  , s is linear distance in time t.
t
• Since the distance traveled along a circle is given
by the arc length s, we can rewrite  as
s r  
   r  , or   r .
t t t
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-16
 .1 Finding Linear Speed and Distance
Traveled by a Satellite
Example A satellite traveling in a circular orbit 1600 km
above the surface of the Earth takes two hours to complete an
orbit. The radius of the Earth is 6400 km.

(a) Find the linear speed of the satellite.

(b) Find the distance traveled in 4.5 hours.

Figure 24 pg 12

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-17

 .1 Finding Linear Speed and Distance
Traveled by a Satellite
Solution
(a) The distance from the Earth’s center is
r = 1600 + 6400 = 8000 km.
For one orbit,  = 2, so s = r = 8000(2) km. With
t = 2 hours, we have
s 8000(2 )
   8000  25,000 kph.
t 2

(b) s =  t = 8000 (4.5)  110,000 km

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-18