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Mat 271E
Yard. Do. Dr. Tarkan Erdik
Probability Distributions
Uniform and Normal Distributions- Week 7
1
Probability Distributions
It has been observed that certain functions F(x)
and f(x) can successfully express the
distributions of many random variables.
Uniform Distribution
The simplest type of continuous distribution is
the uniform. As implied by the name, the pdf is
constant over a given interval (for example,
from a to b, where a < b).
f(x)=constant, F(x)=cx; c is constant.
1/(31)
P[X3]=
Normal Distributions
The normal distribution arose originally in the
study of experimental errors.
X 2
exp ( x X ) 2 / 2 X2 x
12
[-3:.1:3];
[-3:.1:3];
13
x = [-3:.1:3];
norm = normpdf(x,0,1);
norm1 = normpdf(x,0.5,1);
figure;
plot(x,norm,'r')
hold on
plot(x,norm1,'b')
.5
14
x = [-3:.1:3];
norm = normpdf(x,0,1);
norm1 = normpdf(x,0,2);
figure;
plot(x,norm,'r')
hold on
plot(x,norm1,'b')
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-3
-2
-1
15
Z ( X X ) / X
Probabili
ty
distributi
on
function
of
standard
normal
distributi
on
18
The standard deviation can be computed as X=X0.84 X or X= X -X0.16 because the probability of the
normal variable to remain in an interval of two
standard deviations around the mean is about 0.68.
19
i 1
21
22
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Solution (a)
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Solution (b)
1-0.0244=0.97
.97560.1949=0.7807
25
26
Solution (a)
k = 0.52
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Solution (b)
0.4286-P(k)=0.41
P(k)=0.0089
k=-2.37
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29
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Solution (b)
1-0.1151=0.8849
0.88490.3085=0.5764
31
32
Solution
(a) x = (6)(0.13) + 40
= 39.22
(b) x = (6)(1.08) + 40 = 46.48
33
34
35
36
1-0.2912= 0.70880.70880.1977=0.5111
0.5
5
0.8
5
37
-2
38
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Example:Gauges are used to reject all components for which a certain dimension
is not within the specification 1.50 d. It is known that this measurement is
normally distributed with mean 1.50 and standard deviation 0.2. Determine the
value d such that the specifications cover 95% of the measurements.
40
0.9
5
-1.96
1.96
41
If X and Y are two independent normal
variables,
the distribution of X+Y is
N(X + Y , ) and
The distribution of X-Y is N (X - Y , )
42
44
Exercises
Given a standard normal distribution, find the
value of k such that
(a) P(Z > k) = 0.2946;
(b) P(Z < k) = 0.0427;
(c) P(0.93 < Z < k) = 0.7235.
45
46
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u=100+40=140t
u==14.1t
48
X = 5 m3/s
CvX = 0.10
Y = 8 m3/s
CvY = 0.15
u=5+8=13t
u==1.3m3/s
F(-0.77)=F1(0.77)=0.2206
The probability of discharge less than 12m 3/s is
0.2206
50