HEAT TRANSFER

OPERATIONS
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Dr. Muhammad Rizwan

Assistant Professor
COMSATS

COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction to fundamental concepts and modes of heat transfer.

General heat conduction equation, one dimension steady state conduction
in rectangular coordinates

Convection heat transfer and related laws, Free convection and forced
convection

Heat transfer with phase change (Condensation, boiling, and evaporation)

Heat exchangers Some aspects of process design principles of double pipe

and shell and tube heat exchangers. Related calculations

Radiation heat transfer basic concepts, black and gray body radiation

Problems related to conduction, convection and radiation

REFERENCE TEXT
1.

Coulson & Richardsons. Chemical Engineering Vol.1 6 Ed.,

Butterworth Heinmenn Ltd., 1996.

2.

Cengel Y. A. Heat Transfer A practical approach, 2nd Ed,

McGraw Hill, 1988.

3.

Kern D. Q. Process Heat Transfer Tata McGraw Hill Edition, 1997.

4.

Incropera F. P.; DeWitt D. P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer

John Wiley & Sons. 2007.

5.

McCabe W. L.; Smith J. C. and Harriett P. Unit Operations of

Chemical Engineering, 6th edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.

IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER FOR CHEMICAL

ENGINEER

The students should be able to make right assumptions and

approximations for tackling practical situations involving heat
transfer.

Almost all industrial processes are involved with heating or cooling, which
requires heat transfer.

One of the most important objectives of this module is to apply

fundamentals of heat transfer to understand the design of various heat
transfer equipments and to be able to specify the type and size of heat
exchanger to satisfy the needs of a particular chemical engineering process
application.

How to find the optimum thickness of insulation material

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT

TRANSFER:

Heat is a form of energy, that can be transferred from one system

to another as a result of temperature difference.

The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfer is called HEAT TRASFER.

Thermodynamics analysis simply tells how much heat must be

transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy the
conservation of energy principle.

Determining the rates of heat transfer and the variation of

temperature is the subject of heat transfer.

Thermodynamics deals with the equilibrium states and changes

from one equilibrium state to another, whereas heat transfer deals
with systems that lack thermal equilibrium

APPLICATION AREAS OF HEAT

TRANSFER:

Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems and other

aspects of life.

The optimal insulation thickness in the walls and roofs of the houses, on hot
water or steam pipes is again determined on the basis of a heat transfer
analysis with economic consideration.

ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER:

Heat transfer equipments which are designed primarily on the basis of heat
transfer analysis include:

Heat exchangers

Boilers

Condensers

Radiators

Furnaces

Refrigerators

Solar collectors

Heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered in two

groups:

Rating problems

Sizing problems

SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS:

Specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise the

temperature of a unit mass of a substance.

Specific heat at constant volume, Cv

Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp

Cp always greater than Cv because at constant pressure the

system is allowed to expand and the energy for this
expansion work must also be supplied to the system.

The specific heat of a substance depend on two variables,

temperature and pressure.

The constant volume and constant-pressure specific heats

are identical for incompressible substances.

The specific heats of incompressible substances depend on

temperature only.

In that case, the change in the internal energy of solids and

liquids can be as

ENERGY TRANSFER:

Heat transfer (Q) and work (W)

An energy transfer is heat transfer if its driving force is a temperature

difference.

The amount of heat transfer per unit time is called heat transfer rate

When the rate of heat transfer is available, then the total amount of heat
transfer during a time interval can be determined from:

The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction of heat transfer
is called HEAT FLUX

ENERGY TRANSFER:

BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

All modes require the existence of a temperature difference

CONDUCTION:

Can be in solids, liquids or gases due to a temperature difference

which is a driving force.

Distinct characteristic of conduction is, the molecules or particles of the

medium are not displaced from their original positions.

Possible means of heat energy transfer can be:

Molecular vibrations (General solids and metals)

Drift of free electrons (Metals)

Collisions (Gases)

The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on:

Geometry of the medium

Thickness

The material of the medium

Temperature difference across the medium

FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

Hence, the rate of heat conduction is proportional to

the temperature difference across the layer and the
heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the layer.

Called Fouriers law of heat conduction after J.

Fourier, 1822

Where k is called the thermal conductivity of

material and it tells about the capability of
material to transfer heat.

FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

The heat transfer surface area is always normal to the

direction of heat transfer.

The thickness of the wall has no effect on the area

FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION:

Example 9.2 (Coulson volume 1, 6th Ed):
Estimate the heat loss per square metre of surface through a brick
wall 0.5 m thick when the inner surface is at 400 K and the outside
surface is at 300 K. The thermal conductivity o f the brick may be
taken as 0.7 W/mK.