Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
By Charlie Cote
and
Bill Ryan
ES106
Woodward Industrial Controls
Engine Types
Applications
Combustion Process
Combustion Controls
Exhaust Emissions
Engine Efficiency
Question & Answer
Integral Compressor
Marine Propulsion
N o n C o m b u s t io n
E n g in e s
C o m b u s t io n E n g in e s
H y d ro
E x t e r n a l c o m b u s tio n E n g in e s
I n t e r n a l c o m b u s t io n E n g in e s
C a r n o t ( r e v e r s ib le )
S t e a m T u rb in e s
C o n tin u o u s C o m b u s t io n
E n g in e s
I n t e r m it t e n t C o m b u s t i o n
E n g in e s
S t ir lin g C y c le E n g in e s
G a s T u r b in e s
R e c i p r o c a t in g P i s t o n E n g i n e s
C o m p re s s io n I g n it io n
( C I ) E n g in e s
F u e ls
C y c le
D ie s e l
4 S t r o k e C y c le
(C e ta n e # )
2 S t r o k e C y c le
H e a v y D ie s e l
( C e t a n e # , v is c o s it y )
DualFuel
( u s u a lly D ie s e l
and G aseous)
A s p ir a t io n
n a tu ra l
S u p e r c h a rg e d
T u rb o c h a rg e d
S p a r k I g n it io n
( S I ) E n g in e s
F u e l d e liv e ry
U n it in je c t o r
J e rk p u m p
a n d n o z z le
U n it p u m p
a n d N o z z le
F u e ls
C y c le
G a s o lin e
4 s t r o k e C y c le
( O c a t a n e # ) 2 s t r o k e C y c le
G aseous
( H e a t in g V a lu e )
A s p ir a t io n
N a tu ra l
S u p e r c h a rg e d
T u rb o c h a rg e d
F u e l d e liv e ry
C a rb u re te d
(h o m o g e n e o u s c h a rg e )
P o r t in je c t e d
D ir e c t in je c t e d
( s t r a t ifie d c h a r g e )
Gasoline
Natural Gas and other gases.
Diesel (Light and Heavy)
Dual Fuel (Natural Gas/Diesel, Digester/Diesel)
Future Fuels (Coal/Water, Orimulsion, etc.)
Ignition Types
Spark
Diesel
Four-Stroke Cycle
Intake Stroke
Intake
Compression Stroke
Four-Stroke Cycle
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Exhaust
Two-Stroke Cycle
Compression
Combustion
Two-Stroke Cycle
Exhaust
Exhaust
Discharge
Air
Opens
Air
Intake
Cooper-Bessemer
GMV Series 2-Cycle
Clean-Burn
Engine Section
Power
Piston
Power
Cylinder
Liner
Connecting
Rod
Compressor Station
Yard Valves & Piping
Compressor
Cylinder
Gasoline Engines
31 Worldwide Manufacturers *
Kubota,
Diesel Engines
118 Worldwide Manufacturers *
Hatz
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
BREAK
Normal Combustion
Three Necessary Elements
Fuel
Ignition
Mixture Too Lean
Inconsistent Mixing
Too Rich
Fuel Quality
Ignition Timing Advanced Too Far
Pre-Ignition
Normal Combustion
Misfire
Governors
General Description
The Governor monitors and controls engine speed and/or load
by regulating the fuel delivered to the engine power cylinders.
The fuel delivered is changed by the controller output signal
to a fuel gas or fuel oil actuator. On Dual Fuel engines, this
output controls both fuel gas and fuel oil, either through
mechanical linkage or by separate outputs to two actuators.
Governors may be simple speed controls or may also include
Droop and Isochronous Load Sharing controls.
CI Engines
Unit injector engines
Mechanical actuator on common fuel rack
SI Engines
Carbureted (homogeneous charge) engines
Actuator on throttle valve (controlling air flow only)
Gas Valve
PG/PL
Fuel
Gas
Piping
Air/Fuel Ratio
Definition
The mass of air flow divided by the mass of fuel flow
consumed by the engine (sometimes we cheat).
Types
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Digital Electric
System
Speed/ Load Sensors
Controller
Actuator/ Linkage/ Valve
Air/Fuel Ratio
Air/Fuel Ratio
General Description
The Air/Fuel Ratio controller monitors engine speed and load
inputs and regulates the intake air manifold pressure.
The Air/Fuel Ratio is changed by the controller output signal
to a control valve. This valve increases or decreases air
manifold pressure by partially bypassing exhaust gas around
a turbocharger, dumping air at the turbocharger air discharge
or throttling the intake air or by adjusting fuel gas pressure.
Optimum Air/Fuel Ratio settings produce the lowest fuel
consumption or the lowest emissions parameter.
Turbocharger
Air
Inle
t
Pipe
Exhaust
Bypass
Valve
Exhaust
Discharge
Piping
Blower
Air Intake
Piping
Air/Fuel Ratio
Air/Fuel Ratio
INTAKE
EXHAUST
METHANE
FROM AIR
N2
CO
CH4
NO
NO2
Air/Fuel Ratio
NOX
HC
HC
CO
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
Air/Fuel Ratio
LEAN-BURN
OPERATING WINDOW
NOX
HC
HC
CO
15
17
19
21
23
Air/Fuel Ratio
25
27
29
Air/Fuel Ratio
Ignition Energy
14
16
18
20
22
Air/Fuel Ratio
24
26
28
Ignition Timing
Types
Pneumatic
Digital Electric
System
Speed/ Load Sensors
Controller
Actuator/ Timer
Ignition Timing
General Description
The Ignition Timing controller monitors engine parameters
and tells the Ignition timer where, in the combustion cycle,
to fire the spark plug.
The ignition timing is changed by the controller output
signal to an electronic timer or to a mechanical actuator
that physically rotates the timer.
Engine testing establishes the ignition timing schedule
and which parameters are monitored by the controller .
Governor
Ignition
Governor
General Description
The Ignition Timing of diesel engines is commonly called
Fuel Injection Timing and is generally not variable. The
Mechanical design of the camshaft, fuel injection pumps
and fuel injectors and their installation settings determine
diesel fuel injection timing.
Some fuel injection pumps are built with variable timing
linkage for external fuel injection timing control. These
injector types are beneficial with alternate fuel types.
Reciprocating Engines
Overview
2-Cycle Integral
Engine Compressor
Oxygen Concentration
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
CO
HC
NOX
HC
CO
15
NOX
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
AIR/FUEL RATIO
OXIDIZES HYDROCARBONS(HC)
CH4
+ O2 >> 2CO2
Combustion Temperatures
10
12
14
16
18
20
23
25
Flame Speed
14
16
18
20
22
Air/Fuel Ratio
24
26
4500
10
4000
9
O2 FloTech Open
3500
O2 IGEM Control
3000
2500
2000
4
1500
3
1000
2
500
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Engine Load, kW
500
550
600
650
700
750
0
800
NOx, ppm
Exhaust Oxygen, %
Cylinder Pressure
Start of Ignition
40
BTDC
20
TDC
20
CRANK ANGLE
40
60
80
ATDC