OXY COAL COMBUSTION

MUNAWAR HUSSAIN ROLL.NO. 05 M.PHIL COAL

TECHNOLOGY

Oxy-coal combustion

Overview of oxy-coal combustion technology.

Introduction to oxy-coal combustion.

Oxy-coal combustion principles.

The challenge of reducing CO2.

Technology options for carbon capture.

Advanced coalfuelled electricity generation technologies.

History of oxy-fuel combustion application.

Oxy- Coal plants system major component.

OxyCoal combustion advantages.

OxyCoal combustion challenges.

Pressurized oxyCoal combustion.

Current and future oxygen (O2) supply technologies for oxyCoal combustion.

Overview of oxy-coal combustion

technology

In most conventional combustion processes, air is used as the

source of oxygen.

Nitrogen is not necessary for combustion and causes problems

by reacting with oxygen at combustion temperature.

With the current push for CO2 sequestration to ease global

warming, it is imperative to develop cost-effective processes
that enable CO2 capture.

The use of pure oxygen in the combustion process instead of

air eliminates the presence of nitrogen in the flue gas, but
combustion with pure oxygen results in very high temperatures.

Overview of oxy-coal combustion

technology

Industrial furnaces have been using oxy-fuel

combustion technology for many years in the glass,
aluminum, cement, steel, and incineration sectors.

A high concentration of nitrogen in the flue gas can

make CO2 capture unattractive.

Recycling of hot flue gas has also been suggested to

reduce furnace size and NOx emissions for metal
heating furnaces.

Lately, interest has been paid to oxy-coal combustion

as a means to reduce pollutant emission control cost
and create a CO2 gas stream that can easily be
compressed and sequestered.

Introduction to oxy-coal combustion

Oxy-coal combustion is the process of burning a coal

using pure oxygen instead of air as the primary oxidant.

Oxy-fuel combustion is currently considered to be one of

the major technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture.

The attraction of coal as a fuel source is due to several

factors. First, it is abundant and most cost affordable
energy resources

Coal plays a very important role in our day-to-day lives.

Currently, about 40% of the worlds electricity is

generated with coal.

In 1982 oxy-fuel combustion was proposed to produce

CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery.

Introduction to oxy-fuel combustion

Near-zero emissions
O2

Oxygen Fired CFB

or PC

COMPLETE
COMBUSTION

PC

Postcombustion
capture

USC PC

Air

Concentrated
CO2

USC CFB

CFB

CHEMICA
L
LOOPING

PARTIAL
COMBUSTION

O2

CO2
Scrubbing

CO22

CO2
Capture
And
Sequestrati
on

CO22
PETROCHEMICAL

IGCC
water shift

Air

CO22
Carbonate
looping

COAL

Carbon
Free
Power

H2

H2 GT

IGCC
AIR BLOWN IGCC

Fuel Cell

Oxy-coal combustion principles

The challenge of reducing CO2

Scenario

Description

6C
Scenario
(6DS)

Assumes no new policies are added to those currently in

place. In the absence of efforts to stabilize atmospheric
concentrations of GHGs, average global temperature rise is
projected to be at least 6C in the long term.

4C
Scenario
(4DS)

4C Scenario (4DS) Assumes recent government policy

commitments are to be implemented in a cautious manner
even if they are not yet backed up by firm measures. In many
respects, this is already an ambitious scenario that requires
significant changes in policy and technologies. Moreover,
capping the temperature increase at 4C requires significant
additional cuts in emissions in the period after 2050.

2C
Scenario
(2DS)

Sets out an illustrative energy pathway for meeting the goal

of limiting the increase in average global temperature to 2C
by 2050 a temperature rise deemed to be relatively low-risk.

The challenge of reducing CO2

The challenge of reducing CO2

These are scenarios and not projections. The IEA states that
the 2DS will be impossible to achieve without significant
decoupling of energy use from economic activity.

The IEA predicts a rise of CO2 emissions originating from

energy production from 31 Gtonnes to 58 Gtonnes by the
year 2050

In the 6DS (see Figure 2), which, according to computer

models, would cause the average global temperature to rise
6C), substantially above the lowrisk 2DS scenario of 2C.

To reduce these potential risks, ways must be found to

reduce the worlds carbon intensity while still promoting
productivity and maintaining the benefits of affordable
electricity.

Technology options for carbon

capture

Advanced coalfuelled electricity generation

technologies

Commercially or nearcommercially
available coal power systems

Pulverized coal and fluidized bed combustion.

Integrated gasification combined cycles.

Oxycombustion.

Future technologies

Advanced fuel cells.

Chemical looping combustion.

Closed Brayton power cycles.

Pressurized oxycombustion.

History of oxy-fuel combustion application

History of oxy-fuel combustion application

Oxy-coal combustion plants system major

component

Air Separation Unit (ASU)

Technology that removes nitrogen and other species from air cryogenically to
produce a highquality stream of oxygen.

Oxy Boiler
large system that combusts coal with oxygen separated from air. The oxy
fired boiler is in many ways similar to a traditional airfired one, consisting of
similar technology. The primary difference is the oxidant: in the case of an oxy
boiler, air is simulated by diluting nearly pure oxygen with recycled flue gas
(RFG) to attempt to achieve a similar excess oxygen level in the exiting flue gas
of ~35% and keep temperatures under control.

Gas Quality Control System (GQCS)

Contains the environmental controls, which are typically far less extensive than
in PC systems.

CO2 Purification Unit (CPU)

At a minimum, the CPU will include a flue gas drying subsystem and
compressors to deliver the product CO2 to a receiving pipeline or geological
storage site. If required, it will also include a partial condensation process to clean
the product CO2 and remove impurities to specified levels.

Oxy-coal combustion plants system major

component

Oxycombustion advantages

The mass and volume of the flue gas are reduced up to 75%.

With reduction in flue gas volume, less heat is lost in the flue
gas.

The size of the flue gas treatment equipment can be reduced

by 75%.

The flue gas is primarily CO2, suitable for sequestration.

The concentration of pollutants in the flue gas is higher,

making separation easier.

Most of the flue gases are condensable; this makes

compression separation possible.

Heat of condensation can be captured and reused rather than

lost in the flue gas.

Because nitrogen from air is not allowed in, nitrogen oxide

production is greatly reduced.

Oxycoal combustion challenges

Oxycombustion needs an integrated plant and oxycombustion

development requiring the commitment of the entire power plant to
the technology.

Thus, the technology development path for oxycombustion may be

more costly than for precombustion or PCC, which can be
developed on slipstreams of existing plants.

Auxiliary power associated with air compression in a cryogenic ASU

will reduce net plant output by up to 15% compared to an airfired
power plant with the same capacity.

Plot space requirements are significant for the ASU and CPU and
overall should be comparable to PCC.

Airfired combustion is commonly anticipated for startup of oxy

combustion power plants. The very low emissions achieved by oxy
combustion with CO2 purification cannot be achieved during air
fired startup without specific flue gas quality.

Pressurized oxy coal combustion

Conducting oxycombustion under gas pressure (typically at

~1015 bar [160230 psig]) has been proposed to improve
net efficiency and potentially reduce plant costs.

The major efficiency benefit from pressurized oxy

combustion is the reduction of latent heat losses in the flue
gas.

There are a number of developers proposing pressurized

oxycombustion operations at pilot scale but none of these
have been deployed yet.

There is relevant pressurized aircoal combustion

experience up to 250 MWth, which might be applicable to
pressurized oxy combustion.

A parallel challenge to pressurized oxycombustion is the

development of the associated gas pressurized boiler
design.

Capital costs for pressurized oxycombustion power plants

Pressurized oxy coal combustion

Current and future oxygen (O2) supply technologies for oxy-coal

combustion

Existing Pilot Scale (<5MWt)

EER(CA), 3.2MW; IFRF(Netherland), 2.5MW; IHI(Japan); Air
Liquide,
B&W(OH), 1.5MW; CANMET(Canada), 0.3MW; Alstom(CT),3.0MW
CFB, IVD(Germany) 0.5MW;
Planned Pilot Demonstration (>20MWt)
Vattenfall 30MWt Schwartz Pump Germany,
Japan(IHI)-Australia (Queensland) Oxy-fired retrofit with Oxygen
plant, PF boiler (Callide A 30MWe Unit owned by CS Energy)
Hamilton (OH) B&W 24 MWe retro fit.

Current and future oxygen (O2) supply technologies for oxy-coal

combustion

Industrial Park Schwarze Pumpe(Germany)

Current and future oxygen (O2) supply technologies for oxy-coal

combustion

Doosan Babcock has modified

its Clean Combustion Test
Facility (CCTF) in Renfrew,
Glasgow, Scotland, to create
the largest oxy-fuel test
facility currently in the world.
Oxy-Fuel firing on pulverized
coal with recycled flue gas
demonstrates the operation
of a full-scale 40 MW burner
for use in coal-fired boilers.

Current and future oxygen (O2) supply technologies for oxy-coal

combustion