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Objective
This class is designed to explore computing and to
introduce you to the art of computer programming.
You will develop a sense of style and theory of
knowledge
for programs that will help your
programming. You will be introduced to the design
principles for writing good programs.
This course teaches not only the mechanics of
programming, but also how to create programs that
are easy to read, maintain, and debug.
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Learning Outcomes
Knowledge of structured programming in program design
Writing programs in C
Program documentation skills
Program testing skills
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Text Book:
T1. Introduction to computers, Peter Norton
T2. Let Us C, 8th edition, Yashwant Kanetkar, BPB Publiction
T3. Programming in ANCI C, Balaguruswamy, TMH
References:
R1. Fundamental of Computers V. Raja Raman
R2. Spirit of C, H. Cooper and H. Mullish, Jaico Publishing House
R3. Programming with C, Bryon Gottfried, TMH
R4. A book on C, AL Kelley, IRA Pohl, Pearson Education
R5. Programming in ANCI C, Balaguruswamy, TMH
R6. Understanding Pointers in C, Yashwant Kanetkar
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Definitions of Computer
It is an electronic machine that accepts input
information, processes it according to a list of
instructions and produces the resulting output
information.
Charles Babbage is considered as the father of
computers.
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Memory unit
Input
unit
Arithmetic
and Logic
Unit
Output
unit
Control Unit
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von Neumann
Architecture
Sequential operation
Automatic (without human intervention)
Five elements:
Input
Output
Memory
Arithmetic Unit
Control
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Hardware
Software
Data
User
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Two types:
System Software
A system software is any computer software which manages and controls
computer hardware so that application software can perform a task.
Ex:Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux, are
prominent examples of system software.
Application Software
Application software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user
requires, such as creating a document or editing a graphic image.
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Application Software:
Word Processing
Entertainment
Spreadsheets
Educational
Graphics
Communications
Databases
Presentation
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Types of Hardware
The CPU
Memory
Storage Devices
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Processor
Memory
Storage devices
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01101111
10001111
01101010 10000000
01001010
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Fig:RAM
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Unit
1Nibble =4 bits
1 Byte = 8 bits
Approx. Value
(bytes)
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)
Terabyte (TB)
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1,000
1,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
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Actual Value
(bytes)
1,024
1,048,576
1,073,741,824
1,099,511,627,776
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The most common optical storage devices are CDROM and DVD-ROM drives.
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Storage Devices
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Computer Generation
Generationin computer terminology is a change in
technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies.
But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire computer
system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date:
Generation 1 ( the first digital computer)
Generation 2
Generation 3
Generation 4
Generation 5
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Second Generation
(1956-63)
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Second Generation
(1956-63)
The main features of Second Generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation
computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Support machine and assembly languages
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Third Generation(196470)
The main features of Third Generation are:
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language
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Fourth
Generation(1971-80)
The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor.
The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.Ted Hoffproduced the first
microprocessor in 1971 forIntel.
It was known as Intel 4004.
The technology of integrated circuits improved rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale
Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit was designed.
In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating
System were used.
All the higher level languages like C and C++etc., were used in this generation.
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
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Fourth
Generation(1971-80)
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In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having
ten million electronic components.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
AI is an emerging branch in computer science which interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings.
Some computers types of this generation are:
Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook
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Classification of Computers
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Classification of Computers
According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or
specific purpose.
General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks . They
have the ability to store numerous programs
Personal computers that are used at home
or at work are general purpose computers
Special purpose computers are those designed to do a specific job. These
again are used throughout daily life and examples include:
1.Home appliances
2.Toys and games
3.Cash machines
4.Vehicle computers
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Classification of
Computers
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Classification of
Computers
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Classification of
Computers
Mini Computer is a midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie
betweenworkstationsandmainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations.
But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.
Micro Computer orPersonal Computer
Desktop Computer:a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
LaptopComputer:a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard.
Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs:a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard
but the screen serves both as an input and output device .
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Application of
Computers
Engineering
Medical
Education
Science
Banking
Entertainment
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