Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by James Jiambalvo
Chapter 10:
Decentralization and
Performance Evaluation
Slides Prepared by:
Scott Peterson
Northern State University
Decentralized is all
about pushing
decision-making
down to those in the
best position to do it.
Responsibility should
be commensurate
with authority.
Learning Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Decentralized is all
about pushing
decision-making
down to those in the
best position to do it.
Responsibility should
be commensurate
with authority.
You get what you
measure!
Learning Objectives:
5.
6.
7.
Advantages of Decentralization
1.
Better information
leading to superior
decisions.
2.
3.
4.
Advantages of Decentralization
1.
2.
Better information
leading to superior
decisions.
Faster response to
changing
circumstances.
2.
3.
4.
Advantages of Decentralization
1.
2.
3.
Better information
leading to superior
decisions.
Faster response to
changing
circumstances.
Increased motivation
of managers.
2.
3.
4.
Advantages of Decentralization
1.
2.
3.
4.
Better information
leading to superior
decisions.
Faster response to
changing
circumstances.
Increased motivation
of managers.
Excellent training for
future top level
executives.
2.
3.
4.
Disadvantages of Decentralization
1.
Costly duplication of
activities.
2.
3.
4.
Disadvantages of Decentralization
1.
2.
Costly duplication of
activities.
Lack of goal congruence.
[Note: goal congruence has to
do with the compatibility of
goals of the manager versus
goals of the organization.]
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
Cost Centers
A cost center is a subunit that
has responsibility for controlling
costs but does not have
responsibility for generating
revenue.
Examples: janitorial, computer
service, and production
departments.
Managerial goal: to provide
services at a reasonable cost to
the company.
Evaluation: compare
budgeted/standard costs with
actual costs.
2.
3.
4.
Profit Centers
A profit center is a subunit that
has responsibility for generating
revenues as well as for
controlling costs.
Examples: copier and camera
divisions of an electronics firm.
Managerial goal: to maximize
profit (revenues expenses) for
the division.
Evaluation: profit from the
current year may be compared
with budget or previous years or
compared with with other profit
centers on a relative basis.
2.
3.
4.
Investment Centers
An investment center is a
subunit that has
responsibility for generating
revenues, controlling costs,
and investing in assets.
Since managers of
investment centers have
control over inventory,
receivables, equipment
purchases and so on, it
makes sense to hold them
responsible for generating
some kind of return on them.
More
2.
3.
4.
Investment Centers
Examples: Nordstrom, Inc.
subunit Faconnable.
Managerial goal: to maximize
return on investment.
Evaluation: rate of return (%)
relative to a
benchmark/budget rate of
return or relative to other
investment center rates of
return.
2.
3.
4.
Evaluating Investment
Centers with ROI
One of the primary tools for
evaluating the performance of
investment centers is return on
investment. ROI is calculated as
follows:
ROI
=
Income
Invested Capital
Since ROI focuses on income
and investment, it has a natural
advantage over income (alone)
as a measure of performance. It
removes the bias of larger
investment over smaller
investment.
More
2.
3.
4.
Evaluating Investment
Centers with ROI
Some companies break ROI
down into two components:
profit margin and investment
turnover as follows:
2.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
6.
7.
6.
7.
6.
7.
6.
6.
7.
6.
7.
6.
7.
6.
7.
6.
7.
Appendix A
Transfer Pricing
Market Price as the
Transfer Price
Market Price and
Opportunity Cost
Variable Cost as the
Transfer Price
Full Cost Profit as the
Transfer Price
Negotiated Transfer Prices
Transfer Pricing and
Income Taxes in an
International Context
Transfer Pricing
In many cases, subunits sell
goods or services to other
subunits within the same
company. For example in the
automobile manufacturing
industry, batteries
manufactured in one division
may be sold to other divisions
which manufacture autos.
Various approaches to pricing
exist in practice: (1) market
prices, (2) variable costs, (3)
full cost plus profit, and (4)
negotiated prices.
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2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or
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