Chapter 5 Buildability - 0

DESIGN CONCEPTS
USING
COMPONENTS
&
THE CONCEPT of
BUILDABILITY
Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia
Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia
CONTENTS
Concept of Buildability
Examples of Prefabricated Components
Used in Buildings
General Guidelines on Design Concepts
Using Components
Examples of Projects Employing
Components

BUILDABILITY
Defined as the extend to which design of the
buildings facilitates ease of construction,
subject to the overall requirements of
completed building.
Ditakrifkan sebagai "meliputi reka bentuk bangunan bagi memudahkan
pembinaan, tertakluk kepada keperluan keseluruhan bangunan siap."
Construction Industry Research and Information Association

(CIRIA)


Definition focused on the link between design

and construction and implied factors which
have significant impact on the ease of
construction of a project.
Definisi memberi tumpuan kepada hubungan antara reka bentuk dan pembinaan dan faktor-faktor tersirat yang mempunyai kesan
yang besar ke atas kemudahan pembinaan sesuatu projek.
DESIGN
Impact of
design
decisions
BUILDABILITY
Influence
on design
decisions
CONSTRUCTION
Applies to soft (management) and hard (technical) aspects.

WHY BUILDABILITY
Problems existed in CI .comparative
isolation of many designers from practical
construction process. The shortcomings as
seen by builders .., due to the separation
of design and construction functions which
has characterised the building industry over
the last century or so.
pemisahan reka bentuk dan pembinaan fungsi yang mempunyai ciri-ciri industri pembinaan
sejak abad yang lalu atau lebih.
CIRIA

BUILDABILITY
Also defined as the ability to construct a
building efficiently, economically
and to agreed quality levels from its
constituent materials, component and
sub-assemblies.
Juga ditakrifkan sebagai "keupayaan untuk membina sebuah bangunan yang
cekap, berhemat dan tahap kualiti yang dipersetujui dari bahan konstituennya,
komponen dan sub-pemasangan ".


KEY FEATURES OF
BUILDABILITY DESIGN
Usage of Components
Employment of Modular Coordination
in Dimensions


STRUCTURAL STEEL SYSTEM

Steel Frame, R.C Slab on Steel Decking
Steel Frame with composite R.C
encasement on wall or beam or column
Steel Frame with Structural encasement
for wall or beam or column


PRECAST CONCRETE (P.C)

CONSTRUCTION
PC Column/Beam/Slab
PC Beam/Slab and cast-in-situ
Column/Wall/Beam
PC Slab and cast-in-situ
Column/Wall/Beam


CAST-IN-SITU R.C. CONSTRUCTION

Flat Plates
Flat Plat or Wall/Slab System
Slab with 1-Direction Beams
Slab with 2-Direction Beams
(Slab Beam ratio 5-10)


WALL COMPONENTS
Precast Concrete Panels
Metal Claddings
Traditional Design Repetition of
Components


TYPICAL EXAMPLES of
COMPONENTS
Precast facade panels


Precast
Column


Precast Beam


Hollow Core Slab


Precast Planks


Precast Double T Slab


Precast Waffle Slab


Precast parapet walls


Precast Staircase


OTHER EXAMPLES
Self compacting concrete
Tunnel form construction
Hybrid concrete construction
Post tensioned construction
Tilt up


EXAMPLES of ADVANCED
COMPONENT PRODUCTS
Tunnel Form

Box System


Small Module Box


Prefabricated Bathroom
Unit


3D Components


Container

Spacebox


BENEFITS of BUILDABILITY
Practical Buildability, the result of a CIRIA
study, will prove valuable to practising civil
and structural engineers, designers,
builders, quantity surveyors and
architects.
Buildability praktikal, hasil daripada kajian CIRIA, amat bernilai
kepada para pengamal seperti jurutera, pereka, pembina, juruukur bahan
awam serta struktur dan arkitek.


Just-in-time delivery to site of factoryfinished components, fast rates of

construction especially when a smaller
number of large units is specified, and the
other certainty, safety and environmental
benefits all make precast concrete the
most "buildable" of materials.


Programme: Production can be carefully

controlled in the factory environment, and
is not held up by the vagaries of the
weather or labour shortages. On-site
construction and off-site manufacture can
be overlapped, thereby reducing overall
site periods.


Manufacture in Factory


Conventional Method


Prefab On site Production


On site Precast


Tilt up A site-cast production line for structural

walls without stanchions.
Fast, low cost, robust easily sealed interior finish.


Tunnelling System


Erection




Erection cycles per gang of 2 units per day


A design with a higher buildability will

result in more efficient labour usage in
construction and therefore higher site
labour productivity.
High Buildability

High Productivity

Quality: Stringent production control and

skilled factory-based craftsmen produce
consistently high quality, getting as close
as possible to "zero defects"


Advantages
Better quality than that of conventional

Consistency of quality of products
Aesthetically pleasing as no column and beams visible


THE FINISH PRODUCT : Parcel 5 &

Parcel 6, Precinct 9, Putrajaya


AESTHETICS
Appearances of materials,components, subassemblies and of the complete building: size,
shape, colour, texture, pattern, etc;
experience of materials,components, subassemblies and of the complete building:
quality of spatial relationships, pleasure in
use, relationship to surrounding, etc.


Architecturally Finished
Precast Concrete Frames
Capital Bank in Chester:
excellent example of how design
can be positively influenced by
skilled input from a specialist
contractor.
The result was a fully precast
architecturally finished structure.
The programme time was

drastically reduced and shows
the contribution that precast
concrete and specialist design
input, when used effectively, can
make to the building process.
Cost: Value for money is now recognised

as much more than just bottom-line tender
prices. Downstream benefits of precasting,
such as quicker build periods, less
reliance on on-site labour and no
requirement for scaffolding, also
contribute to cost savings.


Safety
Finished components are delivered to site
and lifted directly from the vehicle into
position on site, often without the need for
scaffolding. This reduces the potential for
accidents, and removes the risk of handsetting stone or brickwork in potentially
hazardous locations.


Safety requirements: easily

implemented during
construction stage.
No perimeter netting
required as the installed
wall panel with the window
casement built-in acted as
permanent barrier
Cleaner work area as no
brickwork and plastering
required.
Perimeter Scaffolding is
used for lightweight duty
like painting and sealant
work only, resulting on safer
work environment
.


Environment
Precast production uses less energy than
that required for either structural steel
frame components or system curtain
walling. On site, precast construction
creates less air pollution, noise and debris.
Road traffic to and from the site is also
reduced.


PRINCIPLES OF BUILDABILITY
Standardisation
Simplicity
3 Ss
Single Integrated Systems


1.
Standardisation
Repetition of Grids
Sizes of Components
Connection of Details


2.
Simplicity
Uncomplicated Building Construction System

Simple Installation Details


3.
Single Integrated Elements
Elements that combine components together




Systems Building
"System building" refers to a building in which
methods for adjusting the individual component
systems for the building -- such as main
structure, external wall, and windows -- are
established.
At NEXT21, a highly flexible architectural
system is being put into practice. This
component system is divided into four groups
according to the required life of each component
and production path, and are then manufactured
as separate systems and modules so that outer
walls, kitchens, baths and toilets, and gardens
can be moved.

HOW TO MAKE PRECAST

MORE EFFICIENT ?
Repetition
(less variables)
Modular
Coordination


Implementing integrated design

concept
Strong cooperation between architect,
structural engineer, M&E engineer,
precaster, contractor from the very 1 st
design stage.


Enough lead-time to do planning /

manufacture
Standardization / Simplicity
Site logistic
Detailing
Specification
Component weight
Suitability of product.


GENERAL STEPS IN DESIGN

Planning & Layout
Employ Modular Coordination in
Dimensioning
Identification of Basic Structural System of
Construction


COST
materials, components, sub-assemblies and
conversion one to the other
labour needed to design, manage and
assemble the building
tools, plant and equipment needed to assemble
the building
providing certain level of durability (life-cycle
costs)


HOSPITAL UNIVERSITY KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

(HUKM)
Specified precast by public works Department
Location
HUKM Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
Building
Clinical Block, Education Block, Teachers

Quarters, Staff Quarters And Nurses Hostel
Gross Floor area
200,000.00 m2
Contract
Specified
Construction Period
8 month Precast Super structure
Main Contractor
Gamuda Berhad
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Ministry Of Health
Public Works Department
Precast Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slab

Precast Beam
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery Precast Beams and Hollow

Core Slabs,


UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL EXTENSION
Specified precast by public works Department
Location
University Hospital , Petaling jaya
Building
10 storey building
Gross Floor area
60,000.00 m2
Contract
Specified
Construction Period
Main Contractor
Syarikat Pembinaan Setia
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Ministry Of Health
Precast Elements
Supplied

Precast Beam
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery Precast Beams and Hollow

Core Slabs,


IKEA MUTIARA DAMANSARA

Design and Build
Location
Mutiara Damansara, Mukim Sungai Buluh, Selangor
Building
Total 4 Storey Shopping Complex (with 2 storey carpark)
Gross Floor area
121,000m2
Contract
Design & Build
Construction Period
Main Contractor
Ikano Corporation Sdn. Bhd.
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Boustead Holding Berhad

T J Ong Architect
Leo Consultant
Precast Elements Supplied

Precast Beam, Precast Column, Precast Solid Planks, Precast Shear Walls, Precast Staircases, Precast Gutters,
Scope of Works
Supply and Install Precast Columns, Precast Beams, Hollow Core Slabs, Precast Solid Planks, Precast Shear Walls,
Precast Staircases, Precast Gutters, including all the associated Cast In-situ works to Precast and Cast In-situ area
design.


DEWAN MILLENIUM KEPALA BATAS

Design & Build
Location
Kepala Batas, Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang
Building
Total 4 Storey Public Hall Complex
Gross Floor area
7,500m2
Contract
Design & Build
Construction Period
Main Contractor
Lejadi Infra Sdn Bhd.
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
State Govment Pulau Pinang

Syed A Halim Architect
LFL Consultant
Precast Elements Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slab Precast Beam and Precast Column
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery of Precast Columns, Precast Beams, Hollow Core Slabs,


FLEXTRONICS FACTORY SENAI JOHOR BHARU

Alternative
Location
Sinai, Josher Bharu
Building
3-storey factory
Gross Floor area
7,500 m2
Contract
Alternative Design
Construction Period
Main Contractor
Kumagai Gumi Co Ltd
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Flextronic (Malaysia) sdn bhd

Architect Spectrum
JPS Consultant Engineers Sdn Bhd
Precast Elements
Supplied
Precast Double T Slab, Precast Column

Precast Beam
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery Precast Column , Beam

and Double T Slab


CYBERVILLA TOWN HOUSE

Alternative
Location
Cyber Jaya , Selangor
Building
Townhouse
Gross Floor area
3200 m2
Contract
Alternative Design
Construction Period
Main Contractor
Jeks Engineering Sdn Bhd
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
MK Developer
Veritas Architect
Eastern Pretech (M) Sdn Bhd
Precast Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slab, Precast

Half Slab, Precast Beam, Precast Wall and
Staircase
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery Precast Prestressed Hollow

Core Slab, Precast Half Slab, Precast Beam,
Precast Wall and Staircase


CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE IN BRICKFIELDS

SCHOOL


BUILDABLE DESIGN AWARDS

HDB PREFABRICATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
Close coordination at design stage resulted in highly buildable building

More than 75% of precast columns, beams and slabs designed to one standardised size
Many architectural features were modulated and precast for better quality and finish

Buildable Features:
Structural components standardised to a single size
Precast elements-arch.concrete lattices, ring water tanks, curved auditorium walls,
perimeter fencing wall
Buidability and aesthetics could be achieved without compromising one another


YUSOF ISHAK SECONDARY SCHOOL
High buildable design-construction period shortened considerably

Precast structural frame-precast columns, beams, hollow core slabs abd planks
Architectural features-precast lightweight concrete panels, prefab. infill aluminium panels,
structural steel truss, precast parapet, precision blocks, dry partition


THE FRENCH SCHOOL
standardised grids and repetitive floor layouts, use of flat floor slabs resulted in less
columns and bigger span
integrated roof system, lightweight concrete blocks - no plastering needed, faster
construction
monospace lift - expedite construction and increase usable space


WOODSVALE
Modular horizontal and vertical grids, repetitive floor layouts, use of system formwork for
efficiency
precast columns, beams, slabs and staircases - on-site and off-site
RC external walls - use of jumping formwork enabled walls to be cast three storey ahead of
each floor slab


NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD
CENTRAL REPOSITORY
Architect commissioned to design a maintenance-free building and create an elegant facade

flat floor slab system for free space, 90% of columns and beams standardised
full height glazing and metal cladding used as envelope for quality finish

Architectural Precast Association (APA) AWARDS

POPOVICH HALL - THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Successful integration of cast stone and brick resulted in a building that was contextual
to the existing campus
the juxtaposition scale between cast stone and brick module and the playful movement
between curved and orthogonal plane made for an exciting project

APA AWARDS
THE EMORY UNIVERSITY PARKING DECK
Project commended for the ability to transform a difficult faade into a work of art. The
window/bay patterns create a rhythm along the faade developing a human scale not
often found in parking decks.
The architectural faade is express as an applique to the concrete structural frame in a
contemporary and genuine fashion was well done

APA AWARDS
THE KING FARM OFFICE BUILDING
The proportion of massing and articulation of base, body and top contributed to the
building monumental appearance
the attention to detail and use of natural light made the building visualyy exciting and
the consistency of colour and finish was well done

Advantages of Precast Concrete System

Construction
Construction time
Earlier completion, components are made
in the factory while structure work in
progress at site.
Construction Loan periods are shortened
and income generated sooner.
Overtime Work
Minimal


Ready made technical specifications

e.g. Sound & heat insulation
58 dB is achievable by 265mm thick
hollow core slab without topping
(equivalent to only 123mm thick solid
slabs). Interfloor impact of noise is lesser.
Advantages in using hollow core slab at
roof level is that it provide good property of
airborne sound insulation.


Heat Insulation
Existence of voids in hollow core slabs
provide heat insulation.
Cool comfort, less consumption of aircon.
Gives better heat insulation for roof
Less Labour
Labour usage is very low. One team needs
about 4 to 5 people only.
Less worker on site to manage.
Labour savings in general about 70%.

Site Storage/Space for materials

Minimal
Application of Just-in-Time method


Advantages of Precast Concrete

System Construction
Less Wastage
Less rebar and formwork on site.
Better control of wastage.
Quality Control
Better quality can be achieves, as the
components are factory made (Factory
standard)
Test and control in factory.

Space for M&E services

Beams only in one direction.
Secondary beams are not required.
Flexibility
Hollow core slabs are design to carry
brickwalls. For future renovation, brickwall
can be located anywhere on the floor.
Less Site Clearing upon completion
Lower cost due to lesser formwork and
debris.

Less Scaffolding/prop required

Less scaffolding / prop cost since beams
and slabs are design as unprop.
With very high floor to floor height, this
become very prominent advantage.
Logistic
Limited access is an advantage.
Components can be erected directly from
truck.


Environmental Friendly
Less noise pollution on site.
Less cutting of trees since formwork less
needed on site. (Factory uses steel
moulds).
Durability / Low Maintenance Cost
High strength concrete (G50) resist
damage better than cast insitu structure.


Buildability:
Successful
Construction from
Concept to
Completion
Trevor M. Holroyd
2004, American
Society of Civil
Engineers (Thomas
Telford, Ltd.)


THANK YOU



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DESIGN CONCEPTS

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Construction Industry Research and Information Association

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Definition focused on the link between design

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

STRUCTURAL STEEL SYSTEM

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

PRECAST CONCRETE (P.C)

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

CAST-IN-SITU R.C. CONSTRUCTION

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Precast facade panels

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Hollow Core Slab

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Precast Double T Slab

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Precast Waffle Slab

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Precast parapet walls

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Small Module Box

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia

Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia