DISTRIBUTED

PROCESSING
SYSTEM

History
1945-1985
Computers were large and expensive
No way to connect them
All systems were Centralized Systems

Mid- 1980s
Powerful microprocessors
High Speed computer networks (LANs, WANs)

1990s- Present
Came the distributed system

Distributed Processing
System
Is a software system in which components located
on networked computers communicate and
coordinate their actions by passing messages.

Distributed Computing
Is a field of computer science that studies
distributed systems.
It also refers to the use of distributed
systems to solve computational problems.

Distributed Program
Is a computer program that runs in a
distributed system.

Distributed
Programming
Is the process of writing distributed programs.

Goals of Distributed Systems

Connecting Resources and

Users
it is easier for users to access remote
resources and to share resources with other
users.
Examples: printers, files, Web pages

Openness
Is determined primarily by the degree to which
new resource- sharing services can be added
and be made available for use by a variety of
client program.

Transparency
Hides the fact that the processes and
resources are physically distributed across
multiple computers

Scalability
remains effective when there is a significant
increase in the number of resources and the
number of users.

Concurrency
Any object that represents a shared resource
in a distributed system must be responsible
for ensuring that operates correctly in a
concurrent environment.

Characteristics of Distributed
Systems
Multiple autonomous components
Components are not shared by all users
Resources may not be accessible
Software runs in concurrent processes on
different processors
Multiple point of control
Multiple points of failure

Types of
Distributed
Sytems

Distributed Computing System

Distributed Information
Systems
Distributed Pervasive Systems

Advantages of Distributed
Systems
Reliability
Incremental Growth
Sharing of Resources
Flexibility
Communication
Speed
Open System
Performance
Economics
Data Sharing

Disadvantages of
Distributed Systems
Troubleshooting
Software
Networking
Security

TELECOMMUNICATIO
NS

Telecommunications
- the means of electronic transmission of
information
over
distances.
The
information may be in the form of voice
telephone calls, data, text, images, or
video. Today, telecommunications are
used to organize more or less remote
computer
systems
into
telecommunications
networks.
These
networks
themselves
are
run
by
computers.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK
Telecommunications network
-is
an
arrangement
of
computing
and
telecommunications resources for communication
of information between distant locations.
A telecommunications network includes the
following components:
1. Terminals
2. Computers
3. Telecommunications links
4. Telecommunications equipment
5. Telecommunications software

Types of telecommunications
networks:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Local area network (LAN)

Wide area network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Interorganizational Information Systems

Roles of
Telecommunication:
Transmit Data. It is the most basic purpose
of telecommunication which perhaps is the
most important role to be fulfilled.
Improve Efficiency and Productivity.
Telecommunication has radicalized the
phrase do more with less. It essentially
reduces the cost of all transactions.
Reach More Customers. This is said to be
the greatest contribution of
telecommunication technology with the use
of fewer resources and manpower.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS
LINKS
Telecommunications
links
may
be
implemented with various communication
media, with a corresponding variety of
characteristics. The main feature of a medium
is its potential transmission speed, also known
as channel capacity, which for data
transmission purposes is expressed in bits per
second (bps).

Six potential media are employed to implement telecommunication

links:
1. Twisted Pair a communications medium consisting of a pair of
wires.
2. Coaxial Cable a communications medium that consists of a
relatively thick central conductor shielded by several layers of
insulation and the second conductor just under the cable's shell
3. Fiber Optics high-capacity communications medium that consists
of many strands of pure glass with a data carrying core in the middle,
surrounded by a reflective coating and a protective sheath.
4. Terrestrial Microwave long-distance telecommunications by
means of microwave signals travelling on the surface of the earth.
5. Satellite Transmission form of microwave transmission in which
the signal is transmitted by an earth station to a satellite which
rebroadcasts the signal to the receiving station.
6. Radio Transmission wireless communications technology that
transmits voice or data over the air using a lower frequency band
than microwaves.

Telecommunication links being used includes:

1. Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce). It is a type of industry
where buying and selling of products and service is conducted over
electronic system such as the internet and other computer network.
2. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). It is a document standard
which when implemented acts as a common interface between two or
more computer applications in terms of understanding the document
transmitted. It is commonly used in big companies for e-commerce
purposes, such as sending orders to warehouse or tracking their order.
3. Business-to-Business Commerce (B2B). It describes commerce
transactions between businesses, such as between manufacturer and
wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and retailer.
4. Database Management System (DBMs). A collection of programs
that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a
database.
5. End-User Computing (EUC). It refers to the system in which nonprogrammers can create working appliances. EUC is a group of
approaches to computing that aim at better integrating end users into
the computing environment.

6. Computer Bureau Service. A company or an

organization that offers data processing and online
services to its customers at a fee. The fee is charged
for data storage and time spent on processing the data.
7. Internet, Intranet, Extranet
Internet. It is a set of linked networks throughout
the
world
that
facilitates
inexpensive
communication and information transfer among
computers.
Intranet. A computer network that uses Internet
Protocol
technology
to
share
information,
operational systems, or computing services within
an organization.
Extranet. It is a computer network which allows
controlled access from the outside, for specific
business or educational purposes.

Forms of Modern
Telecommunication:
1. Electronic Mail (E-mail). It is a method of exchanging
digital messages from an author to one or more recipients.
Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer
networks.
2. Voice Mail. It is a computer based system that allows users
and subscribers to exchange persona; voice messages; to
select and deliver voice information; and to process
transactions relating to individuals, organizations, products
and services using an ordinary telephone.
3. Teleconference. It is also called teleseminar. It is the live
exchange and mass articulation of information among several
persons and machines remote from one another but linked by
telecommunication systems.

4. Videoconferencing. It is the conduct of a

videoconference (also known as a video conference
ore
videoteleconference)
by
set
of
telecommunication technologies which allow two or
more locations to communicate by simultaneous
two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also
been called visual collaboration and it is a type of
groupware.
5. Facsimile. It is from the Latin word fac simile
which means make alike. It is a copy or
reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art
print or other item of historical value that us as true
to be original source as possible.
6. Electronic Bulletin Board. It is a computer that
is running software that allows users to leave
messages and access information of general interest.

INTERN
ET
Brief History of the
Internet

1962
Joseph Carl Robnett
Licklider Conceives
Intergalactic
Network

1958
US
Governme
nt Creates
ARPA

1964
Paul Baran and Donald Davies
Develop Message Block/PacketSwitching

1969
1966
ARPAnet
Project
Initiated

IMP Links First Four Nodes:

University of California at
Los Angeles
University of California at
Santa Barbara
University of Utah
SRI

1972
Ray Tomlinson Invents
Email

1973
TCP/IP Protocol Development
Begins

1991
Tim Berners
Lee Creates
World Wide
Web

1995-Present

Various Services of the

Internet

1. Electronic Mail
- the method of exchanging digital messages
from an author to one or more recipients.
*Email Clients Software programs to read
emails.
EXAMPLES:

2. Listserv or Mailing list

- a collection of names and addresses used by
an individual or an organization to send material
to multiple recipients.

3. Usenet
- service derived from e-mail, which allows
public debate on various issues

the

*News Group Clients Programs that let

you
read and participate in a News Group. It is also
called News Group Reader.
EXAMPLE:

4. Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

- it is a network of chatrooms where each
chatroom is called achannel

individual

*IRC Client Use to connect to a server and join that

channels
on that server
EXAMPLES: mIRC, X-Chat, HydraIRC, Nettalk, ThrashIRC
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- is a standard Internetprotocolfor transmitting files
between computers on the Internet
overTCP/IPconnections.
*FTP Clients Is software which uses theFTP protocol to
transfer files to and from a remote computer.
EXAMPLES: WinSCP (Windows), Transmit
(Mac OS X), FireFTP (Firefox)

6. Telnet
Internet service that allows the user logs on
and runs on a remote computer and use
programs installed on the remote computer.
*Telnet Clients Used to connect servers
offering Telnet access.
ex. Daves Telnet, PuTTY, Poderosa
7. World Wide Web (WWW)
-is a network of hypertext system that
allows
documents to be shared over the internet. It
interconnects millions of documents.

The web relies in three mechanisms to

make these
resources readily accessible:
-A uniform naming scheme for locating
resources on the Web (e.g., URLs)
-Protocols, for access to named resources over
the Web (e.g., HTTP)
-Hypertext, for easy navigation among
resources (e.g., HTML)
*Browser A software program that
requests
interprets and presents World
Wide Web
documents.
EXAMPLES:

ADVANTAGES OF
INTERNET

1. FASTER COMMUNICATION
The internet has been mankinds
greatest means of communication yet.

2.
ABUNDANT
RESOURCES

INFORMATION

The internet is treasure trove of

information; which offers knowledge
on any given topic under the sun.

3. INEXHAUSTIBLE EDUCATION
The internet has become an
essential
propagator
of
knowledge, both through free
as well as paid services.

4. ENTERTAINMENT FOR EVERYONE

The internet has gained much
success in offering entertainment.

5. SOCIAL NETWORKING
STAYING CONNECTED

AND

Social Networking has evolved

and become part of ones life.

6. ONLINE SERVICES AND ECOMMERCE

Internet has become the
one stop shop and all financial
transactions can do online.

DISADVANTAGES OF
INTERNET

1. THEFT
OF
INFORMATION

PERSONAL

The use of internet for

banking, social networking , or
other services, often makes
our
personal
information
vulnerable to theft.

2. SPAMMING
Sending
unwanted
which serves no purpose.

e-mails,

3. MALWARE THREATS
Internet users are often
plagued by virus attacks that
harm their computers and
important files.

4. AGE-INAPPROPRIATE
CONTENT
Pornography
and
ageinappropriate content is perhaps
the biggest disadvantage of the
Internet.

5.
SOCIAL
ISOLATION,
OBESITY, AND DEPRESSION
Internet creates a rifts
between the real and
virtual world.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is our
gateway to the internet. It provides us with
internet services to link you to the internet.
Most users subscribe to an internet service
ISP Connection
Types:
provider for
their dial-up access.
1. Dial-up
2. DSL (Telephone Line)
3. Cable (Coaxial
Cable)
4.
MODEM
5.
6.
7.
8.

Broadband
Satellite
Fibre Optic
T1 line

9. T3 line
10. Wireless Internet Access
11. ISDN

1. Dial-up
This is a form of internet access
that uses the facilities of the
public switched telephone network
(PSTN) to establish a connection to
an internet service provider (ISP)
by dialling a telephone number on
a conventional telephone line.
2. DSL (Telephone Line)
DSL is an initialization of Digital
Subscriber Line.
The phone companies developed a way
to send a second signal down the phone
lines, and they did this by sending it at a
higher frequency.
To make DSL work even better, smart
people came up with, Asynchronous
DSL they figured out that average
people is more concerned with
download and upload speeds.

3. Cable (Coaxial Cable)

Delivering internet access over cable uses a standard called
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS).
Cable however, uses many different frequencies one of each
channel. The oversimplified explanation of how DOCSIS works
is that they added another channel (or frequency) for data.
Cable can also uses asynchronous data transmission, like DSL
does.

4. MODEM
A modem is an electronic device that converts digital signals
into analog. These analog signals can then be transmitted
over a normal phone line. At the receiving end, another
modem converts the analog signals back into digital signals.
Internal modem is in card form like a sound card. They
are inserted in one of the motherboard slots.
External modem is plugged in a COM port or by cable

5. Broadband
The high speed internet connection is provided to either cable or
telephone companies. One of the fastest options available,
broadband internet uses multiple data channels to send large
quantities of information. The term broadband is shorthand for
broad bandwidth.

6. Satellite
The signal gets beamed to a satellite which turns
around and beams the signal to you and vice versa.
Similar to wireless access, satellite connection
utilizes a modem.

7. Fibre Optic
The signal is light and the medium is a special type of flexible glass or
clear plastic cable. There is a transmitter on one end that converts the
electrical signal to light.
The receiver detects the light and generates an electrical signal that
the computer uses.

8. T1 line
A T1 line or leased line is a high speed digital connection capable of
transmitting data at a rate of approximately 1.5 million bits per
second. It is typically used by small and medium-sized companies with
heavy network traffic. It is too expensive for individual home users.

9. T3 line
Super high speed connection capable of transmitting
data rate of 45 million bits per second, a T3 line can
transmit full-motion, real-time-video, and very large
databases over a busy network.
10. Wireless Internet Access
Radio frequency bands are used in place of cable or
telephone networks.
Wireless connections are made possible through the
use of a modem, which picks up internet signals and
11.
ISDN
sends
them to other devices.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) allows
users to send data, voice and video content over
digital telephone lines or standard telephone wires.
The installation of an ISDN adapter is required at
both ends of the transmission on the part of the
user as well the internet access provider.