Hypothesis

Testing
MTH 2212

Recap
In the previous chapter we illustrated how to
construct a confidence interval estimate of a
parameter from a sample data. However, many
problems in engineering require that we decide
whether to accept or to reject a statement about
some parameter.
The statement is called a hypothesis, and the
decision making procedure about the hypothesis is
called hypothesis testing.
it is important to note that hypotheses are always
statements about the population or distribution
under study, not statements about sample.

Statistical Hypothesis
-The null hypothesis (H0 ) is a statistical
hypothesis that states that there is no difference
between a parameter and a specified value, or
that there is no difference between two
parameters.
- The alternative hypothesis (H1) is a statistical
hypothesis that states the existence of a
difference between a parameter and a specified
value, or states that there is a difference between
two parameters.

translate conjecture/claim from word into

mathematical symbol. The null and alternative
hypothesis are stated together and the null
hypothesis contains the equal sign as shown.

Examples

 Eg 4: A researcher
thinks that if
expectant mothers
use vitamin pills, the
birth weight of the
babies will increase.
The average of the
birth weights of the
population is 3.2 kg.

Eg 5: An engineer
hypothesizes that the
mean number of
defects can be
decreased in a
manufacturing process
of compact discs by
using robots instead of
humans for certain
tasks. The mean
number of defective
discs per 1000 is 18.

Eg 6: A psychologist feels that playing soft music

during a test will change the results of the test. The
psychologist is not sure whether the grades will be
higher or lower. In the past, the mean of scores was
73.

Test of Statistical
Hypotheses

For Example:
Let the null hypothesis H0: This drug will cure an
illness.
A Type I error would be concluding that the drug
does not work when it actually does.
A Type II error would conclude that the drug does
work when it actually doesn't.

Examples
Eg
7: The burning rate of a solid propellant used to power
aircrew escape system is approximately normally
distributed. The true mean burning rate is 50 cm/sec and
the standard deviation of the burning rate is 2.5 cm/sec.
The manufacturer wishes to test H0 : =50 cm/sec against
H1 : 5 cm/sec using n = 10 specimens.
(i)If the acceptance region is defined as 4 find type I error
().
(ii)If the acceptance region is defined as 4 find type II error
() where the true mean burning rate is 52 cm/sec.
(iii)If the acceptance region is defined as 4 find type II error
() where the true mean burning rate is 52 cm/sec and
the number of specimens n = 16.

 8: The heat evolved in calories per gram of a cement

Eg
mixture is approximately normally distributed. The mean
is thought to be 100 and the standard deviation is 2. We
wish to test H0 : =100 versus H1 : 100 with a sample
of n = 5 specimens.
a) If the acceptance region is defined as find
(i) type I error ()
(ii) type II error () for the case where the true mean
heat evolved is 103.

b) Find the boundary of the critical region if the type I

error probability is =0.05. Hence, find the probability of
type II error if the true mean evolved is 103.

Eg 9: A textile fiber manufacturer is investigating

a new drapery yarn, which the company claims
has a mean thread elongation of 12 kg with a
standard deviation 0.5kg. The company wishes
to test the hypothesis H0 : =12 against H1 :
<12 using a random sample of 4 specimens.
a) What is the type I error probability if the
critical region is defined as
b) Find for the case where the true mean
elongation is 11.25 kg.
c) Find for the case where the true mean
elongation is 11.5 kg.

 10: A consumer products company is

Eg
formulating a new shampoo and is interested in
foam height (in mm). Foam height is
approximately normally distributed and has a
standard deviation of 20 mm. The company
wishes to test H0 : =175mm versus H1 :
>175mm using the results of 10 samples.

a) Find the type I error probability if the critical

region is
b)What is the probability of type II error if the
true mean foam height is 185mm?
c) Find for the true mean of 195mm.

POWER
Power is a very descriptive and concise measure of the
sensitivity of a statistical test; ability of the test to detect
differences.
The power of statistical test is the probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis H0 when the alternative hypothesis is true. The power
computed as 1 .
Eg 11: Consider the propellant burning rate problem when we
are testing H0 : =50 cm/sec versus H1 : 50 cm/sec. Suppose
that the mean is = 52. When n = 10, we found that =
0.2643, so the power of this test is 1 = 1-0.2643 = 0.7357.
The sensitivity of the test for detecting the difference between
a mean burning rate of 50cm/sec and 52 cm/sec is 0.7357.

Some guideline to summarize the

results:

Critical value from

value
In hypothesis-testing situation, the researcher
decides what level of significance () to use. It
does not have to be 0.1, 0.05 or 0.01 level. It can
be any level, depending on the seriousness of the
type I error. After a significance level is chosen, a
critical value is selected from a table for the
appropriate test. The critical value determines the
critical and non critical region (acceptance region).

 12: Find the critical value for each

Eg
situation:

P-values
The P-value is the actual area under the standard
normal distribution curve (or some other curve,
depending on what statistical test is being used)
representing the probability of a particular sample
mean if the null hypothesis is true. In this approach
we calculate the p-value for the test, which is
defined as the smallest level of significance at which
the given null hypothesis is rejected. Using this pvalue, we compare the value of p with and make a
The p-value
is the smallest significance level at which the null
decision.

hypothesis H0 can be rejected.

Determination of the p-value for a ztest

Example
13: Find the p-value for each of the
Eg
hypothesis tests:

Determination of the p-value for a t-test

Example

Eg
14: Find the p-value for each of
the hypothesis tests with

Hypothesis test about

mean :

Eg 16: Urban storm can be contaminated by many

sources, including discarded batteries. When
ruptured, these batteries release metals of
environmental significance. The article Urban
Battery Litter (J. of Environ. Engr., 2009: 46-57)
presented summary data for characteristics of a
variety of batteries found in urban areas around
Cleveland. A sample of 51 Panasonic AAA batteries
gave a sample mean zine mass of 2.06g and a
sample standard deviation of 0.141g. Does this data
provide compelling evidence for concluding that the
population mean zinc mass exceed 2.0g if the
significant level is 0.0015?

Eg 17: A production supervisor at a chemical

company, wants to be sure that the Super-Duper
can is filled with an average of 16 ounces of
product. If the mean volume is significantly less
than 16 ounces, customers will likely to complain,
prompting undesirable publicity. The physical size
of the can doesnt allow a mean volume
significantly above 16 ounces. A random sample of
36 cans shows a sample mean of 15.7 ounces.
Production records show that is 0.2 ounce. Use
this to conduct a hypothesis test with =0.01.

Hypothesis test about

mean :

Eg18: In attempting to control the strength of the wastes

discharged into nearby river, an industrial firm has taken
a number of restorative measures. The firm believes that
they have lowered the oxygen consuming power of their
wastes from a previous mean of 450 manganate in parts
per million. To test this belief, readings are taken on
n=20 successive days. A sample mean of 312.5 and the
sample standard deviation 106.23 are obtained. Assume
that these 20 values can be treated as a random sample
from a normal population. Test the appropriate
hypothesis using (a) the critical approach and (b) the pvalue approach. Use = 0.05.

 Eg 19: Azman Abdullah, owner of Karisma

Employment Agency believes that the agency
receives an average of 16 complaints per month
from the companies that hire the agencys people.
Sidek Ali, an interviewer, is concerned that the
true mean is higher than Azman believes. If
Azmans hypothesis is an understatement,
something must be done about the agencys
employee screening procedures. A sample of 10
months yields an average of 18 complaints with a
standard deviation of 3 complains. Conduct a test
at the 0.01 level.

Eg 20: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

devices are frequently used in the management of acute
and chronic pain. An important component of the TENS
system is the skin electrode. A study reported in Journal
of Physical Therapy was made to determine conductive
differences among electrodes used with TENS devices. A
random sample of 11 electrodes in the low-impedance
group produced impedance measures in ohms of
1200, 1200, 1000, 1600, 1400, 1400,
1200, 1700, 1600, 1300, 1600
Assuming a population of normally distributed values,
test the hypothesis that the population mean impedance
measure for all such electrodes is 1400. Use the 0.05 level
of significance.

Type II error and sample of

choice
If type I error () is given, then we can calculate the
type II error () by

and the sample size n is given by

Eg 21
a) Consider the rocket propellant problem in the
above Eg 11. Suppose that the true burning
rate is 49cm/sec. What is for the two sided
test with =0.05, =2, n=25?
b)Suppose that the analyst wishes to design the
test so that if the true mean burning rate is
differs from 50 cm/sec by as much as
1cm/sec. What sample size would be required
to ensure that does not exceed 0.10?