Cisco Systems DWDM Primer Oct03

ONS 15454 MSTP
DWDM Networking Primer

October 2003
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Introduction
Optical Fundamentals
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
Optical Fundamentals
Some terminology
Decibels (dB): unit of level (relative measure)
X dB is 10-X/10 in linear dimension e.g. 3 dB Attenuation = 10 -.3 = 0.501
Standard logarithmic unit for the ratio of two quantities. In optical fibers, the ratio is
power and represents loss or gain.
Decibels-milliwatt (dBm) : Decibel referenced to a milliwatt

X mW is 10log10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW. 0dBm=1mW, 17dBm = 50mW
Wavelength (): length of a wave in a particular medium.

Common unit: nanometers, 10-9m (nm)
300nm (blue) to 700nm (red) is visible. In fiber optics primarily use 850, 1310, &
1550nm
Frequency ( ): the number of times that a wave is

produced within a particular time period. Common unit:
TeraHertz, 1012 cycles per second (Thz)
Wavelength x frequency = Speed of light
x=C
Some more terminology

Attenuation = Loss of power in dB/km
The extent to which lighting intensity from the source is diminished as it passes
through a given length of fiber-optic (FO) cable, tubing or light pipe. This
specification determines how well a product transmits light and how much cable can
be properly illuminated by a given light source.
Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in
ps/nm-km
The separation of light into its different coloured rays.
ITU Grid = Standard set of wavelengths to be used in Fibre Optic

communications. Unit Ghz, e.g. 400Ghz, 200Ghz, 100Ghz
Optical Signal to Noise Ration (OSNR) = Ratio of optical
signal power to noise power for the receiver
Lambda = Name of Greek Letter used as Wavelength
symbol ()
Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) = Management channel
dB versus dBm
dBm used for output power and receive

sensitivity (Absolute Value)
dB used for power gain or loss (Relative Value)
Bit Error Rate ( BER)
BER is a key objective of the Optical

System Design
Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER <
BER threshold of the Rx
BER thresholds are on Data sheets
Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10 -12
Optical Budget
Basic Optical Budget = Output Power Input Sensitivity
Pout = +6 dBm
R = -30 dBm
Budget = 36 dB
Optical Budget is affected by:

Fiber attenuation
Splices
Patch Panels/Connectors
Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc)
Bends in fiber
Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors)
Glass Purity
Fiber Optics Requires

Very High Purity Glass
Window Glass
1 inch (~3 cm)
Optical Quality Glass
10 feet (~3 m)
Fiber Optics
9 miles (~14 km)
Propagation Distance Need to Reduce the

Transmitted Light Power by 50% (3 dB)
Fiber Fundamentals
Attenuation
Dispersion
Nonlinearity
Distortion
It May Be a Digital Signal, but Its Analog Transmission
Transmitted Data Waveform

Waveform After 1000 Km
Analog Transmission Effects

Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
Dispersion and Nonlinearities:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed
Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem
Fiber Geometry
Core
Cladding
An optical fiber is made of

three sections:
The core carries the
light signals
The cladding keeps the light
in the core
The coating protects the glass
Coating
Propagation in Fiber
n2
n1
Cladding
Core
Intensity Profile
Light propagates by total internal reflections

at the core-cladding interface
Total internal reflections are lossless
Each allowed ray is a mode
Different Types of Fiber

n2
Cladding
Multimode fiber
Core diameter varies
50 mm for step index
62.5 mm for graded index
Bit rate-distance product
>500 MHz-km
Single-mode fiber
Core diameter is about 9 mm
Bit rate-distance product
>100 THz-km
n1
n2
n1
Core
Cladding
Core
Optical Spectrum
IR
UV
125 GHz/nm
Visible
Light
Ultraviolet (UV)
850 nm
980 nm
1310 nm
Visible
Infrared (IR)
1480 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm
Communication wavelengths
850, 1310, 1550 nm
Low-loss wavelengths
Specialty wavelengths
980, 1480, 1625 nm
C = x
(nanometers)
Frequency: (terahertz)
Wavelength:
Optical Attenuation
Specified in loss per kilometer

(dB/km)
0.40 dB/km at 1310 nm
0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm
Loss due to absorption

by impurities
1400 nm peak due to OH ions
EDFA optical amplifiers

available in 1550 window
1310
Window
1550
Window
Optical Attenuation
Pulse amplitude reduction limits how far
Examples
Attenuation in dB
10dBm
10 mW
Power is measured in dBm:
0 dBM
1 mW
-3 dBm
500 uW
-10 dBm
100 uW
-30 dBm
1 uW
Pi
P0
T
T
Types of Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds
Causes spreading of the light pulse
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Single-mode fiber supports two polarization
states
Fast and slow axes have different group
velocities
A Snapshot on Chromatic Dispersion
Interference
Affects single channel and DWDM systems

A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber
Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to
performance impairments
Degradation depends on:
laser used (spectral width)
bit-rate (temporal pulse separation)
Different SM types
Limitations From Chromatic Dispersion

Dispersion causes pulse distortion,
pulse "smearing" effects
Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less
robust to Chromatic Dispersion
Limits "how fast and how far
10 Gbps
60 Km SMF-28
40 Gbps
4 Km SMF-28
Combating Chromatic Dispersion
Use DSF and NZDSF fibers

(G.653 & G.655)
Dispersion Compensating Fiber

Transmitters with narrow spectral width
Dispersion Compensating Fiber
Dispersion
Compensating Fiber:
By joining fibers with CD of
opposite signs (polarity) and
suitable lengths an average
dispersion close to zero can
be obtained; the
compensating fiber can be
several kilometers and the
reel can be inserted at any
point in the link, at the
receiver or at the transmitter
Dispersion Compensation
Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm)
Total Dispersion Controlled

+100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
No Compensation
With Compensation
Distance from
Transmitter (km)
Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable
Transmitter
Dispersion
Compensators
How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion?
Distance (Km) =
Specification of Transponder (ps/nm)

Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km)
A laser signal with dispersion tolerance of 3400 ps/nm

is sent across a standard SMF fiber which has a Coefficient of
Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km.
It will reach 200 Km at maximum bandwidth.
Note that lower speeds will travel farther.
Polarization Mode Dispersion

Caused by ovality of
core due to:
Manufacturing process
Internal stress (cabling)
External stress (trucks)
Only discovered in
the 90s
Most older fiber not
characterized for PMD
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Ey
nx
Ex
ny
Pulse As It Enters the Fiber
Spreaded Pulse As It Leaves the Fiber
The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels

down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon
than chromatic dispersion and it is of little
relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or less
Combating Polarization Mode Dispersion
Factors contributing to PMD

Bit Rate
Fiber core symmetry
Environmental factors
Bends/stress in fiber
Imperfections in fiber
Solutions for PMD

Improved fibers
Regeneration
Follow manufacturers recommended installation techniques for the
fiber cable
Types of Single-Mode Fiber

SMF-28(e) (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.652)
Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986, cheapest
DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653)

Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm
NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655)

For WDM operation, optimized for 1550 nm region
TrueWave, FreeLight, LEAF, TeraLight
Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90s
For better performance with high capacity DWDM systems
MetroCor, WideLight
Low PMD ULH fibers
Different Solutions for

Different Fiber Types
SMF
Good for TDM at 1310 nm
(G.652)
OK for TDM at 1550

OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt)
DSF
OK for TDM at 1310 nm
(G.653)

Bad for DWDM (C-Band)
NZDSF
(G.655)

Good for DWDM (C + L Bands)
Extended Band
(G.652.C)
(suppressed attenuation
in the traditional water
peak region)
OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt

Good for CWDM (>8 wavelengths)
The primary Difference is in the Chromatic Dispersion Characteristics

The 3 Rs of Optical Networking

A Light Pulse Propagating in a Fiber Experiences 3 Type of Degradations:
Pulse as It Enters the Fiber
Pulse as It Exits the Fiber
Loss of Energy
Shape Distortion
Phase Variation
Loss of Timing (Jitter)

(From Various Sources)
ts Optimum
Sampling Time
ts Optimum
Sampling Time
The 3 Rs of Optical Networking (Cont.)

The Options to Recover the Signal from Attenuation/Dispersion/Jitter
Degradation Are:
Pulse as It Enters the Fiber
Pulse as It Exits the Fiber
Amplify to Boost the Power
Re-Shape
DCU
Phase Variation
Re-Generate
Phase Re-Alignment
O-E-O
t
ts Optimum
Sampling Time
ts Optimum
Sampling Time
Re-gen, Re-shape and ts Optimum

Remove Optical Noise Sampling Time
DWDM
Agenda
Introduction
Components
Forward Error Correction
DWDM Design
Summary
Increasing Network Capacity Options

Same bit rate, more fibers
Slow Time to Market
Expensive Engineering
Limited Rights of Way
Duct Exhaust
More Fibers
(SDM)
W
D
M
Faster Electronics
(TDM)
Same fiber & bit rate, more s

Fiber Compatibility
Fiber Capacity Release
Fast Time to Market
Lower Cost of Ownership
Utilizes existing TDM Equipment
Higher bit rate, same fiber

Electronics more expensive
Fiber Networks
Time division multiplexing
Single wavelength per fiber
Multiple channels per fiber
4 OC-3 channels in OC-12
Channel 1
Single
Fiber (One
Wavelength)
Channel n

Wave division multiplexing

Multiple wavelengths per fiber
4, 16, 32, 64 channels
per system
Multiple channels per fiber
l1
l2
ln
Single Fiber
(Multiple
Wavelengths)
TDM and DWDM Comparison

TDM (SONET/SDH)
Takes sync and async signals
and multiplexes them to a
single higher optical bit rate
E/O or O/E/O conversion
DS-1
DS-3
OC-1
OC-3
OC-12
OC-48
SONET
ADM
Fiber
(D)WDM
Takes multiple optical
signals and multiplexes
onto a single fiber
No signal format conversion
OC-12c
OC-48c
OC-192c
DWDM
OADM
Fiber
DWDM History
Early WDM (late 80s)
Two widely separated wavelengths (1310, 1550nm)
Second generation WDM (early 90s)

Two to eight channels in 1550 nm window
400+ GHz spacing
DWDM systems (mid 90s)

16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window
100 to 200 GHz spacing
Next generation DWDM systems

64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window
50 and 25 GHz spacing
Why DWDMThe Business Case

Conventional TDM Transmission10 Gbps
40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
TERM
TERM
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
RPTR
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
DWDM Transmission10 Gbps

OA
120 km
120 km
OA
4 Fibers Pairs
32 Regenerators
OA
120 km
1 Fiber Pair
4 Optical Amplifiers
OA
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
Drivers of WDM Economics
Fiber underground/undersea
Existing fiber
Conduit rights-of-way
Lease or purchase
Digging
Time-consuming, labor intensive, license
$15,000 to $90,000 per Km
3R regenerators
Space, power, OPS in POP
Re-shape, re-time and re-amplify
Simpler network management

Delayering, less complexity, less elements
Characteristics of a WDM Network

Wavelength Characteristics
Transparency
Can carry multiple protocols on same fiber
Monitoring can be aware of multiple protocols
Wavelength spacing
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
50GHz, 100GHz, 200GHz

Defines how many and which wavelengths can be used
Wavelength capacity
Example: 1.25Gb/s, 2.5Gb/s, 10Gb/s
Optical Transmission Bands

Band
New Band
S-Band
C-Band
L-Band
U-Band
Wavelength (nm)
820 - 900
1260 1360
1360 1460
1460 1530
1530 1565
1565 1625
1625 1675
ITU Wavelength Grid
1530.33 nm
0.80 nm
195.9 THz
100 GHz
1553.86 nm
193.0 THz
ITU-T grid is based on 191.7 THz + 100 GHz

It is a standard for laser in DWDM systems
Freq (THz)
192.90
192.85
192.80
192.75
192.70
192.65
192.60
ITU Ch
29
28
27
26
Wave (nm) 15201/252

1554.13
x
1554.54
1554.94
x
1555.34
1555.75
x
1556.15
1556.55
x
15216
x
15800
x
15540
x
15454
x
Fiber Attenuation Characteristics

Attenuation vs. Wavelength
S-Band:14601530nm
L-Band:15651625nm
2.0 dB/Km
Fibre Attenuation Curve
0.5 dB/Km
0.2 dB/Km
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Wavelength in Nanometers (nm)
1500
1600
C-Band:15301565nm
Characteristics of a WDM Network
Sub-wavelength Multiplexing or MuxPonding

Ability to put multiple services onto a single
wavelength
Why DWDM?
The Technical Argument
DWDM provides enormous amounts of
scaleable transmission capacity
Unconstrained by speed of
available electronics
Subject to relaxed dispersion and nonlinearity
tolerances
Capable of graceful capacity growth
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
DWDM Components
1
15xx
1...n
Transponder
Optical Multiplexer
1
2
1...n
1
2
Optical De-multiplexer
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
(OADM)
More DWDM Components
Optical Amplifier
(EDFA)
Optical Attenuator
Variable Optical Attenuator
Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU)
Typical DWDM Network Architecture

DWDM SYSTEM
DWDM SYSTEM
VOA
DCM
Service Mux
(Muxponder)
EDFA
EDFA
DCM
VOA
Service Mux
(Muxponder)
Transponders
Converts broadband optical signals to a specific wavelength via optical to electrical to optical conversion (O-E-O)
Used when Optical LTE (Line Termination Equipment) does not have tight tolerance ITU optics
Performs 2R or 3R regeneration function
Receive Transponders perform reverse function
OEO
1
2
From Optical
OLTE
To DWDM Mux
OEO
n
OEO
Low Cost
IR/SR Optics
Wavelengths
Converted
Performance Monitoring
Performance monitoring performed on a

per wavelength basis through transponder
No modification of overhead
Data transparency is preserved
Laser Characteristics
Non DWDM Laser
Fabry Perot
Power
DWDM Laser
Distributed Feedback (DFB)
Power
Spectrally broad
Dominant single laser line
Unstable center/peak wavelength
Tighter wavelength control
Mirror
Partially transmitting
Mirror
Active medium
Amplified light
DWDM Receiver Requirements
I
Receivers Common to all Transponders
Not Specific to wavelength (Broadband)
Optical Amplifier
Pin
Pout = GPin
EDFA amplifiers
Separate amplifiers for C-band and L-band
Source of optical noise
Simple
OA Gain and Fiber Loss

Typical
Fiber Loss
25 THz
4 THz
OA Gain
OA gain is centered in 1550 window

OA bandwidth is less than fiber bandwidth
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

Isolator
Coupler
Coupler
Isolator
Erbium-Doped
Fiber (1050m)
Pump
Laser
Pump
Laser
Simple device consisting of four parts:

Erbium-doped fiber
An optical pump (to invert the population).
A coupler
An isolator to cut off backpropagating noise
Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio (OSNR)

Signal Level
X dB
Noise Level
Depends on :
Optical Amplifier Noise Figure:
(OSNR)in = (OSNR)outNF
Target : Large Value for X

EDFA Schematic
(OSNR)out
(OSNR)in
Pin
NF
Loss Management: Limitations

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Each EDFA at the Output Cuts at Least in a
Half (3dB) the OSNR Received at the Input
Noise Figure > 3 dB

Typically between 4 and 6
Each amplifier adds noise, thus the optical SNR

decreases gradually along the chain; we can have
only have a finite number of amplifiers and spans and
eventually electrical regeneration will be necessary
Gain flatness is another key parameter mainly for
long amplifier chains
Optical Filter Technology
Dielectric Filter
Well established technology, up to 200 layers
Multiplexer / Demultiplexer
DWDM
Mux
DWDM
Demux
Wavelength
Multiplexed
Signals
Wavelength
Multiplexed
Signals
Wavelengths
Converted via
Transponders
Loss of power for each Lambda

Wavelengths
separated into
individual ITU
Specific
lambdas
Optical Add/Drop Filters (OADMs)

OADMs allow flexible add/drop of channels
Drop
Channel
Drop &
Insert
Add
Channel
Pass Through loss and Add/Drop loss

Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Summary
Transmission Errors
Errors happen!
A old problem of our era (PCs, wireless)
Bursty appearance rather than distributed
Noisy medium (ASE, distortion, PMD)
TX/RX instability (spikes, current surges)
Detect is good, correct is better
Information
Transmitter
Noise
Transmission
Channel
Information
Receiver
Error Correction
Error correcting codes both detect errors
and correct them
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a system
adds additional information to the data stream
corrects eventual errors that are caused by the
transmission system.
Low BER achievable on noisy medium

FEC Performance, Theoretical

FEC gain 6.3 dB @ 10-15 BER
Bit Error Rate
BER without FEC

10 -10
Coding Gain
BER floor
10 -20
BER with FEC

10 -30
-46
-44
-42
-40
-38
-36
-34
-32
Received Optical
power (dBm)
FEC in DWDM Systems

9.58 G
10.66 G
9.58 G
10.66 G
IP
FEC
FEC
IP
SDH
FEC
FEC
SDH
.
.
.
.
FEC
FEC
ATM
2.48 G
2.66 G
2.66 G
FEC implemented on transponders (TX, RX, 3R)

No change on the rest of the system
ATM
2.48 G
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Summary
DWDM Design Topics
DWDM Challenges
Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional
Protection
Capacity
Distance
Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
Dispersion and nonlinear effects:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed
Noise and Jitter:

Leading to a blurred image
Solution for Attenuation
Optical
Amplification
Loss
OA
Solution For Chromatic Dispersion
Saw Tooth
Compensation
Dispersion
Dispersion
Fiber spool
DCU
Fiber spool
DCU
Total dispersion averages to ~ zero

+D
-D
Length
Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM

DWDM systems can be implemented in two different ways
Uni-directional:
wavelengths for one direction

travel within one fiber
two fibers needed for
Fiber
Fiber
Uni -directional
full-duplex system
Bi-directional:
a group of wavelengths for each
direction
single fiber operation for fullduplex system
Fiber
Bi -directional
Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM (cont.)

Uni-directional 32 channels system
Full band
32 ch
full
duplex
32
32
Channel
Spacing
100 GHz
Full band
Bi-directional 32 channels system

Blue-band
16 ch
full
duplex
16
16
16
16
Red-band
Channel
Spacing
100 GHz
DWDM Protection Review

Unprotected
Splitter Protected
Client Protected
Y-Cable and Line Card

Protected
Unprotected
1 Client
Interface
1
Transponder
1 client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder)

needed, only 1 path available
No protection in case of fiber cut,
transponder failure, client failure, etc..
Client Protected Mode

2
Transponders
2 Client
interfaces
2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders)

needed, two optically unprotected paths
Protection via higher layer protocol
Optical Splitter Protection

Working
lambda
Optical
Splitter
Switch
protected
lambda
Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single

transponder) needed
Protects against Fiber Breaks
Line Card / Y- Cable Protection

2
Transponders
working
lambda
Y cable
Only one
TX active
protected
lambda
2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders)

needed
Increased cost & availability
Bit Rate
Designing for Capacity

Distance
Solution
Space
Wavelengths
Goal is to maximize transmission capacity and system reach

Figure of merit is Gbps Km
Long-haul systems push the envelope
Metro systems are considerably simpler
Designing for Distance

L = Fiber Loss in a Span
Pin
Pout
G = Gain of Amplifier
Amplifier Spacing
D = Link Distance
Link distance (D) is limited by the minimum

acceptable electrical SNR at the receiver
Dispersion, Jitter, or optical SNR can be limit
Amplifier spacing (S) is set by span loss (L)

Closer spacing maximizes link distance (D)
Economics dictates maximum hut spacing
Pnoise
Wavelength Capacity (Gb/s)
Link Distance vs. OA Spacing

20
60 km
10
Amp Spacing
80 km
100 km
120 km
140 km
2.5
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Total System Length (km)
System cost and and link distance both depend

strongly on OA spacing
OEO Regeneration in DWDM Networks
au l
Long H
OA noise and fiber dispersion limit total

distance before regeneration
Optical-Electrical-Optical conversion
Full 3R functionality: Reamplify, Reshape, Retime
Longer spans can be supported using back

to back systems
3R with Optical Multiplexor and OADM

Back-to-back DWDM
Express channels must be
regenerated
Two complete DWDM
terminals needed
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
N
7
N
7
Optical add/drop multiplexer

Provides drop-and- continue
functionality
Express channels only
amplified, not regenerated
Reduces size, power
and cost
1
2
3
4
N
7
OADM
1
2
3
4
N
7
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Summary
DWDM Benefits
DWDM provides hundreds of Gbps of

scalable transmission capacity today
Provides capacity beyond
TDMs capability
Supports incremental, modular growth
Transport foundation for next
generation networks
Metro DWDM
Metro DWDM is an emerging market for next

generation DWDM equipment
The value proposition is very different from the
long haul
Rapid-service provisioning
Protocol/bitrate transparency
Carrier Class Optical Protection
Metro DWDM is not yet as widely deployed

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ONS 15454 MSTP

DWDM Networking Primer

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Decibels-milliwatt (dBm) : Decibel referenced to a milliwatt

Wavelength (): length of a wave in a particular medium.

Frequency ( ): the number of times that a wave is

Some more terminology

Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in

The separation of light into its different coloured rays.

ITU Grid = Standard set of wavelengths to be used in Fibre Optic

dBm used for output power and receive

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bit Error Rate ( BER)

BER is a key objective of the Optical

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Optical Budget is affected by:

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fiber Optics Requires

1 inch (~3 cm)

Optical Quality Glass

9 miles (~14 km)

Propagation Distance Need to Reduce the

Transmitted Data Waveform

Waveform After 1000 Km

Analog Transmission Effects

Dispersion and Nonlinearities:

Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

An optical fiber is made of

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Light propagates by total internal reflections

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Different Types of Fiber

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specified in loss per kilometer

Loss due to absorption

EDFA optical amplifiers

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Power is measured in dBm:

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

A Snapshot on Chromatic Dispersion

Affects single channel and DWDM systems

Limitations From Chromatic Dispersion

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combating Chromatic Dispersion

Use DSF and NZDSF fibers

Dispersion Compensating Fiber

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dispersion Compensating Fiber

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm)

Total Dispersion Controlled

How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion?

Specification of Transponder (ps/nm)

A laser signal with dispersion tolerance of 3400 ps/nm

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Polarization Mode Dispersion

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Pulse As It Enters the Fiber

Spreaded Pulse As It Leaves the Fiber

The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels