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  • Overview of The Immune System

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    Dairotul Khasanah
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    The immune system consists of innate and adaptive responses. The innate response is nonspecific and includes cellular components like macrophages and granulocytes and humoral components like complement proteins. The adaptive response is antigen-specific and mediated by B cells producing antibodies and T cells. Antigens are recognized by B cells, T cells, or components of the innate system. Factors that influence immunogenicity include the nature of the antigen, the host, and method of administration. The innate system recognizes broad pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors to initiate early response while the adaptive response recognizes specific antigenic determinants for long-term memory.

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    Antigen

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    The immune system consists of innate and adaptive responses. The innate response is nonspecific and includes cellular components like macrophages and granulocytes and humoral components like complement proteins. The adaptive response is antigen-specific and mediated by B cells producing antibodies and T cells. Antigens are recognized by B cells, T cells, or components of the innate system. Factors that influence immunogenicity include the nature of the antigen, the host, and method of administration. The innate system recognizes broad pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors to initiate early response while the adaptive response recognizes specific antigenic determinants for long-term memory.

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    83 views22 pages

    Overview of The Immune System

    Uploaded by

    Dairotul Khasanah
    The immune system consists of innate and adaptive responses. The innate response is nonspecific and includes cellular components like macrophages and granulocytes and humoral components like complement proteins. The adaptive response is antigen-specific and mediated by B cells producing antibodies and T cells. Antigens are recognized by B cells, T cells, or components of the innate system. Factors that influence immunogenicity include the nature of the antigen, the host, and method of administration. The innate system recognizes broad pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors to initiate early response while the adaptive response recognizes specific antigenic determinants for long-term memory.

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    of 22

    Overview of the Immune System

    Immune System
    Innate
    (Nonspecific)
    Cellular
    Components

    Humoral
    Components

    Adaptive
    (Specific)
    Cell-Mediated

    Humoral
    (Ab)

    Antigens

    Definitions

    Immunogen
    Antigen (Ag)
    Hapten
    Epitope or Antigenic Determinant
    Antibody (Ab)

    Factors Influencing Immunogenicity


    Contribution of the Immunogen
    Foreignness
    Size
    Chemical Composition

    Primary Structure
    Secondary Structure
    Tertiary Structure
    Quarternary Structure

    Sequence determinants
    Conformational
    determinants

    Factors Influencing Immunogenicity


    Contribution of the Immunogen

    Foreigness
    Size
    Chemical Composition
    Physical Form
    Particulate > Soluble
    Denatured > Native

    Factors Influencing Immunogenicity


    Contribution of the Immunogen

    Foreigness
    Size
    Chemical Composition
    Physical Form
    Degradability
    Ag processing by Ag Presenting Cells (APC)

    Factors Influencing Immunogenicity


    Contribution of the Biological System
    Genetics
    Species
    Individual
    Responders vs Non-responders

    Age

    Factors Influencing Immunogenicity


    Method of Administration
    Dose
    Route
    Subcutaneous > Intravenous > Intragastric

    Adjuvant
    Substances that enhance an immune response to
    an Ag

    Chemical Nature of Immunogens

    Proteins
    Polysaccharides
    Nucleic Acids
    Lipids
    Some glycolipids and phosopholipids can be
    immunogenic for T cells and illicit a cell
    mediated immune response

    Types of Antigens
    T-independent
    Polysaccharides
    Properties
    Polymeric structure
    Polyclonal B cell
    activation
    Yes -Type 1 (TI-1)
    No - Type 2 (TI-2)

    Resistance to
    degradation

    Examples
    Pneumococcal polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide
    Flagella

    Types of Antigens
    T-dependent
    Proteins
    Structure
    Examples
    Microbial
    proteins
    Non-self or
    Altered-self
    proteins

    Hapten-carrier conjugates
    Definition
    Structure
    native
    determinants
    haptenic
    determinants

    Haptenic determinants

    Native determinants

    Antigenic Determinants
    Recognized by B cells and Ab
    Composition
    Proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids,
    haptens
    Sequence (linear) determinants
    Conformational determinants

    Size
    4-8 residues

    Antigenic Determinants
    Recognized by B cells and Ab
    Composition
    Size
    Number
    Limited
    (immunodominant
    epitopes)
    Located on the
    external surfaces of
    the Ag

    Fe

    Antigenic Determinants
    Recognized by T cells
    Composition
    Proteins (some lipids)
    Sequence determinants
    Processed
    MHC presentation (lipid presentation by MHC-like
    CD1)

    Size
    8 -15 residues

    Number
    Limited to those that can bind to MHC

    Superantigens
    Definition
    Conventional Antigen

    Monoclonal/Oligoclonal
    T cell response
    1:104 - 1:105

    Superantigen

    Polyclonal T cell response


    1:4 - 1:10

    Superantigens
    Definition
    Examples

    Staphylococcal enterotoxins
    Staphylococcal toxic shock toxin
    Staphylococcal exfoliating toxin
    Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

    Determinants Recognized by the Innate


    Immune System
    Adaptive Immune System Discrete
    Determinants
    Reacts with a specific pathogen

    Innate Immune System Broad Molecular


    Patterns
    Reacts with a variety of pathogens

    Determinants Recognized by the Innate


    Immune System
    PAMPs Pathogen Associated Molecular
    Patterns
    PRRs Pattern Recognition Receptors

    PAMP

    PRR

    Biological
    Consequence of
    Interaction

    Microbial cell wall Complement


    components

    Opsonization;
    Complement
    activation

    Mannosecontaining
    carbohydrates

    Mannose-binding
    protein

    Opsonization;
    Complement
    activation

    Polyanions

    Scavenger receptors

    Phagocytosis

    Lipoproteins of
    Gram+ bacteria
    Yeast cell wall
    components

    TLR-2 (Toll-like
    receptor 2)

    Macrophage
    activation;
    Secretion of
    inflammatory
    cytokines

    PAMP
    Double stranded
    RNA

    PRR

    Biological
    Consequence of
    Interaction

    TLR-3

    Production of
    interferon
    (antiviral)

    LPS
    TLR-4
    (lipopolysaccharid
    e of Gram bacteria

    Macrophage
    activation;
    Secretion of
    inflammatory
    cytokines

    Flagellin (bacterial TLR-5


    flagella)

    Macrophage
    activation;
    Secretion of
    inflammatory
    cytokines

    PAMP

    PRR

    Biological
    Consequence of
    Interaction

    U-rich single
    TLR-7
    stranded viral RNA

    Production of
    interferon
    (antiviral)

    CpG containing
    DNA

    Macrophage
    activation;
    Secretion of
    inflammatory
    cytokines

    TLR-9

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