Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Basic
Terminology
Structure and
Analysis of
Medical Terms
By
E. Suryadi
Madarina Julia
Medicine as an
information- intensive
domain
One million articles are published
every year in scientific journals
Medical terminologies (UMLS =
unified medical language system)
consist of more than 250.000
concepts and more than 540.000
different terms
ONCOLOGY: Cervix
Sarcoma
Sarcoma of the cervix therapy
Sarcomas of the cervix show a variable and generally
poor response to radiotherapy. If possible therefore,
surgical removal is indicated if the disease is localized to
the pelvis. This may vary from simple hysterectomy to
total pelvic exenteration. Chemotherapy has not proved
effective in these tumor
The signs and symptoms of recurrent malignant disease
are:
1. Positive cytologic examination
2. Palpable tumor in pelvis or abdomen
3. Ulceration of cervix or vagina
4. Unilateral lower extremity edema
5. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
Medical Terminology
Our sessions :
The structure and analysis of
medical terms
Roots, prefix and suffix in
medical terms
The basic of medical
terminology
And two practical sessions
History
a vocabulary from ancient
Greek and Latin
Ancient doctors, e.g.
Hippocrates:
epilepsy, dysentery, diarrhea
Why do we need to
learn medical
terminology
?
To speak
and to write exactly
How do we learn
medical
terminology?
like learning other languages:
memorize the vocabulary!!
logical language:
most terms can be broken
down into its basic component
parts and understood
basic word structure
PANCYTOPENIA
PREFIX
COMBININ
WORD G VOWEL
ROOT
SUFFI
X
COMBINING
FORM
Medical
Terminology
Commonly Used:
Roots,
Prefix and
Suffix
Anatomy terms
construction
Simple
word
Root
Prefix-root
Root-suffix
Prefix-root-suffix
Root-root
Complex word
Noun-noun
Noun-adverd
Noun ajective- adverd
cephal
encephalon
cephalgia
encephalitis
cephalofacial
vertebra cervicalis
phalanx distalis
m. flexor hallucislongus
a. collateralis ulnaris inferior
Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici
WORD ROOT
FOUNDATION OF THE
WORD
GASTER
=GASTROS
ROOT
(stomach
)
PREFIX
WORD BEGINNING
EPIGASTRIC
PREFIX
(above)
SUFFIX
WORD ENDING
GASTRITIS
SUFFIX
(inflammation)
COMPOUND WORD
TWO OR MORE WORD
ROOTS
ELECTROCARDIOGRA
M
GASTROENTERITIS
WORD ROOTS
LEUKOCYTE
LEUKOCYTOSIS
LEUKOCYTOPENIA
SUFFIX or
COMPOUND SUFFIX
FORM
Correlate an
understanding of a word
with basic anatomy,
physiology, and disease
process of the human
PANCYTOPENIA
body
PAN : all
CYT : cell
PENIA : deficiency
LEUKEMIA
LEUK (root): white
EM (root): blood
IA (suffix): state (noun)
EMIA (compound-suffix
form): state of blood
white blood
malignancy of white blood
cells
The origin of
a medical term
Greek noun or adjective
Greek verb
Latin noun or adjective
Latin verb
Influence how it was used in
modern medical term
Tissue
DISEASED/ ABNORMAL:
GREEK WORD
normal
TESTIS
UTERUS
VAGINA
OVARIU
M
TUBA
NASUS
ORIS
HEPAR
and
abnormal
orch/o
orchitis
metr/o
colp/o
oophor/o
salphynx
rhin/o
stomat/onep
hepat/o
endometrit
s
colpitis
vaginitis
Oophoritis
salphyngit
s
rhinitis
Stomatitis
normal
REN
COR
PULMO
and
abnormal
nephr/o
cardi/o
pneum/o
nephritis
carditis
pneumoniti
s
pneumonia
CORNEA
kerat/o
keratitis
AURIS
ot/o
otitis
CEREBRUM encephal/o
encephaliti
s
MUSCULUS
Musculus pectoralis major,
m. rectus abdominis
MY/O
MYS/O: MUSCLE
myopathy
myositis
Myoglobin
Myofibra
Myocardium
Myometrium
CUTIS
CUTANE/0
Intracutane, subcutane
DERMIS
DERMAT/O : SKIN
dermatitis
leukoderma
epidermis
dermatology
VASA
VASCUL/O
vascularisation,
avascular
ANGI/O : BLOOD VESSEL
angiopathy/ vasculopathy
angiography
Angiogram
angioma
Vasculitis
SANGUIS; SANGUINIS
HEM/O =HAIMA
EM
HEMAT/O: BLOOD
hematology
hematopoiesis
anemia
cholesterolemia
hemoglobin
hypodermic,
dermatology
hemoglobin,
hematology
stoma,
stomatos
tracheostomy,
stomatitis
Greek Verbs
gignesth
ai
gen(e) pathogenesis
- gen
hematogen
lyein
ly(s)-
hemolysis
tome
tom-
cholecystoto
my
rhe-
diarrhea,
leukorrhea
Latin Nouns
Combining form of a noun is
found by dropping the ending
(a, um)
fistula fistulectomy
vagina vaginoplasty
lympha lymphogen
ileum ileostomy
cerebrum cerebrovascular
palatum palatorrhaphy
white
black
red
blue
yelow
green
grey
latin
albus
fuscus
rubrum
Glaucus
Luteus
Cloasma
griseus
greek
leuko
melano
erythro
cyano
Xantho
Cloro
Polyo
ERYTHR/O : RUBRO :
RED
CORPUS RUBRUM
NUCLEUS RUBER
ERYTHROBLAST
ERYTHROCYTE
ERYTHROCLAST
ERYTHEMA
ERYTHREMIA
ERYTHRODERMA
CHLOR/O:CHLOASMA
: GREEN
CHLOROMA
CHLOROPHYL
CHLOROPSIA
CHLOROLABE
GRISEUS = POLIOS =
PHAIOS =GREY
Substantia grisea
Poliomyelitis
Body activities
Osme = bromo = to smell
Audio = acouo =
to
Mnena =
to memory
hear
to touch
Opsia /opia = blepo =to Palpo =
see
Kineo= moveo = to move
Phagien =
to eat Gustatus = geuma = to taste
Dipsa =
to
Hypnos /somnus/sopor=to sleep
drink
Glutio =
to swallow
Phrasis =
to
Defaecatio/chezo = to defaecate
speech
Laleo =
to
talk
Gradior =
to
walk
Halo = pneu = to
breathe
Qualitative Measurement
Major= magnus
= mega = great
Minor/parvus=sm
all
Breve = short
Longus = long
Durum = hard
Lepto/pia = thin
Mollis = soft
Bradys = tardus=slow
Tachys = celer =fast
Poly = multi = many
Oligos = few = rare
Sthenia = strong
Asthenia = weak
prefix
Location
supra/super /
retr/o
ultra
epi
par/a
peri
end/o
ento en
eso
intra
infra/ sub
extra
ect/o
exo
ec
prefix
Location
INTER/TRANS
mes/o
Circum/peri
Position
Position
Ante = before;
Post = after
Meta = behind = dibalik
Trans = beyond, to the other
side
Inter = between, among
Dia = complete = through
Per = through, over
Ana = upon, upwards
Cata = downward;
de = go down
Ab = away from;
Ad = to ward;
Re = to back;
ascend= keatas:
descend = menurun;
afferen = menuju;
efferen = meninggalkan
Syn/sym = to connect/
together
prefix Location
examples:
ectopic pregnancy
ectoderm, mesoderm,
endoderm
encephalitis
endometrium vs.
parametrium
endotoxin vs. exotoxin
Periosteum, pericardium
Circumoral, circumductio
prefix - number
nol
a/ an / nulli
Mono / uni
dua
Di / bi / diplo
tiga
tri
empat
tetra
banyak
Poli / multi
pertama
primus
prefix - number
A/AN
NULLI
WITHOUT
LACKING
DEFICIENT
ANEMIA
APLASTIC ANEMIA
ANALGESIA
NULLIPARA
hemi
semi
prefix number
HALF
PARTIAL
HEMIPARESIS
HEMIPLEGIA
HEMIHYPERTROPHY
SEMICOMATOSE
prefix number
uni - mono
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
MONOPARESIS
MONONUCLEAR CELLS
UNICELLULAR
UNILATERAL
st
primi
prefix number
PRIMIPARA, PRIMIPAROUS
PRIMIGRAVIDA
PRIMITIVE
PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS
prefix number
BI DI(PLO)
BICUSPID VALVE
BICEPS
BIFURCATIO
DIPLOCOCCUS
DIPLOID
prefix
MULTI MANY
:
MULTIPARA,
MULTINUCLEAR
number
GIANT CELLS,
MULTIGRAVIDA
3 - TRI :
TRICUSPIDALIS, TRI IN DIE
4 - TETRA :
TETRAPARESES,
TETRAPLEGIA
5 - PENTA : PENTAMER
negative sense
ANTI (ANT):
CONTRA = OPPOSED
ANTIBIOTIC
ANTIHISTAMINE
ANTITOXIN
MAL = BAD
Malnutrition, malaria
A, AN = ABSENCE OF SOMETHING,
DEFICIENT
Anaerobe, anemia,
anhidrosis
negative sense
dys :
difficult, painful,
abnormal
DYSMENORRHEA
DYSPEPSIA
DYSTROPHY
(DUCHENNE
MUSCULODYSTROPHY)
bradycardia
bradypnea
suffix noun
a, ia, y, sia,
sis, asia, asis,
esis, ema,
ism, us:
dyspnea,
rhinorrhea
anemia,
osteomalacia
hypertrophy
ectasia
arteriosclerosis
state,
condition
nephrolithiasis
erythema
hyperchromasi
a
diuresis
synergism
hydrocephalus
suffix noun
itis
oma
,ma
oophoritis
endometritis
colitis ulcerosa
hepatitis
carditis
inflammation
tumor, disease
fibroadenoma
adenocarcinoma
glioma
edema
lymphoma
Suffix
NOUN - ADJECTIVE
NOUN
ADJECTIVE
cyanosis
anemia
nervus
sclerosis
stenosis
paralysis
cyanotic
anemic
nervous
sclerotic
stenotic
paralytic
SUFFIXES
-ALGIA =
PAIN
-CELE =
HERNIA
-CENTESIS =SURGICAL PUNCTURE TO REMO
A FLUID
-PENIA =
DECREASE
-DYNIA =
PAIN
-LYSIS =
DESTRUCTION = BREAKDOWN
-MALACIA = SOFTENING
-OPSY =
TO VIEW
-POIESIS = FORMATION
-PLASIA = DEVELOPMENT
-sclerosis = hardening
gen
= cause = penyebab =asal mula
in =
protein ; ase = enzim
SUFFIXES
-OSIS = ABNORMAL CONDITION
-PATHY = DISEASE
-PEXY = FIXATION
-STASIS =STOPPING. CONTROLING
-SCOPE = INSTRUMENT FOR
EXAMINATION
-PTOSIS =DROPPING
change to
is
um
us
a
ex/ix
es
a
i
ae
ices
Examples of plurals
is to es
SINGULAR
PLURAL
anastomosis
metastasis
epiphysis
prosthesis
anastomoses
metastases
epiphyses
prostheses
Examples of plurals
um to a
SINGULAR
PLURAL
bacterium
diverticulum
ovum
bacteria
diverticula
ova
Examples of plurals
us to i
SINGULAR
calculus
bronchus
bronchiolus
nucleus
PLURAL
calculi
bronchi
bronchioli
nuclei
Examples of
plurals
a to ae
SINGULAR
vertebra
bursa
bulla
PLURAL
vertebrae
bursae
bullae
Examples of plurals
ix or ex to ices
SINGULAR
PLURAL
apex
varix
apices
varices
Abbreviations
1. Measurements
2. Chemical
3. Diagnoses
4. Procedures
5. Health Professions
6. Charting
Abbreviations
Measurements
g or
gm
mcg
tsp
kcal
mMol/L
g/dL
mg%
BMI
gram
microgram
teaspoon
calorie
mMol per liter
gram per deciliter
miligram percent
body mass index
Abbreviations
Chemical
O2 (oxygen)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
NaCl (sodium
chloride)
RL (Ringer Lactate)
K (potassium,
kalium)
Abbreviations
Diagnoses
CP (cerebral palsy)
AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome)
ALL (acute lymphoblastic
leukemia)
CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
CVD (cardiovascular disease)
DHF (Dengue Haemorrhagic
Abbreviations
Procedures (1)
radiology
IVP: intravenous pyelography
ECG: electrocardiography
USG: ultrasonography
MRI: magnetic resonance
imaging
CT-SCAN (CAT-SCAN):
computerized axial tomography
scanning
Abbreviations
Procedures (2)
laboratory
2 hr pp (2 hour post
prandial blood glucose)
LDH (lactic dehydrogenase)
CK (creatine kinase)
LFT (liver function test)
RFT (renal function test)
Abbreviations
Health professions
MD (medical doctor)
ENT (ear, nose,
throat)
OB (obstetry)
GYN (gynecology)
Abbreviations
Charting
ex/ exam (examination)
Dx (diagnosis)
Tx (treatment)
Rx (prescribe)
BP (blood pressure)
iv (intravenous)
OS (oculus sinister, left eye)
tid (tri in die, thrice a day)
diagnosis/diseases (1)
related to organ system/
tissue
inflammation: rhinopharyngitis,
cystitis
tumor/ cancer: hepatocellular
carcinoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma
maligna, neurofibromatosis
condition: mitral stenosis,
arteriosclerosis, nephrolithiasis,
dysenteri, hemothorax
syndrome: nephrotic syndrome,
diagnosis/diseases (2)
related to the causing
factors
organism:
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
Chikungunya Fever
Diphteria (C. diphteriae)
Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)
toxin:
tetanus (tetanin C. tetani)
botulism (botulinum C. botulinum)
diagnosis/diseases (3)
named after the person
who
found
it
signs:
Turner syndrome
Biot respiration
Spleen Schuffner 1-8
disease:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy
Hashimoto disease
Graves disease
Neurofibromatosis von
Recklinghausen
therapy/
treatment
Causative/ Curative: address the
cause of the disease aimed at curing
the disease
Symptomatic/Palliative: address
the symptoms of the disease aimed
at making the patients feel better
Ex juvantivus: a try out
surgical
procedures
prognosis
dubia ad malam = bad
preference
dubia ad bonam= good
preference
five years survival rate of 80%
fatality rate %
remission rate %
cure rate .%
other
terms
ILEUM vs.
ILIUM
HEPATOMA vs.
HEMATOMA
How do we analyze a
medical terms?
break it down into its
component part
find the meaning of every part
Read the meaning from the
suffix back to the first part of
the word
PANCYTOPENIA
PAN (prefix): all
CYT (root): cell
PENIA (suffix-form): deficiency
DEFICIENCY OF ALL CELLS
(deficiency of all types of blood
cells)
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
ELECTR (root): electricity
CARDI (root): heart
GRAM (suffix): record
The record of the electricity of
the heart
GASTROENTERITIS
GASTR (root): stomach
ENTER (root): intestines
ITIS (suffix): inflammation
Inflammation of the stomach
and intestines
PANCYTOPENIA
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
GASTROENTERITIS
ASYNERGY
A (prefix): without
SYN (prefix): together
ERG (root): working
Y (suffix): noun-suffix
without synergy
without working together
OSTEOSARCOMA
OSTEO (combining form):
bone
SARCOMA (suffix-form):
tumor of the tissue
SARC (root): tissue
OMA (suffix): tumor
lymphosarcoma, liposarcoma,
chondrosarcoma, etc.
RETROPERITONEAL
RETRO (prefix): behind
PERITONEUM (root
peritonaion): to stretch over
AL (suffix): adjectival suffix
behind the peritoneum
Peritoneum is a serous sac that lines
the abdominal cavity
Further Readings
Chabner DE. The Language of
Medicine. W.B. Saunders
Company, 1981
Dunmore CW, Fleischer RM.
Medical Terminology.
Exercises in Etymology, 2nd
ed. F.A Davis Company, 1985
Dennerll JT. Medical
Terminology. A Programmed
Text, 5th ed. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1988
Suryadi. E. Buku saku