ChapterFour:

AngleModulation

Introduction
Therearethreeparametersofacarrierthatmaycarry
information:
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

FrequencyandPhasemodulationarecloselyrelatedand
groupedtogetherasphasemodulation

FrequencyModulation
PowerinanFMsignaldoesnotvarywithmodulation
FMsignalsdonothaveanenvelopethatreproducesthe
modulation
ThefigurebelowshowsasimplifiedFMgenerator

FrequencyDeviation
Frequencydeviationof
thecarrieris
proportionaltothe
amplitudeofthe
modulatingsignal
asillustrated

FrequencyModulationIndex
AnothertermcommontoFMisthemodulationindex,as
determinedbytheformula:

mf
fm

PhaseModulation
Inphasemodulation,thephaseshiftisproportionaltothe
instantaneousamplitudeofthemodulatingsignal,
accordingtotheformula:

kp
em

RelationshipBetweenFMand
PhaseModulation
Frequencyisthederivativeofphase,or,inotherwords,
frequencyistherateofchangeofphase
Themodulationindexisproportionaltofrequency
deviationandinverselyproportionaltomodulating
frequency

ModulatingSignal
Frequency

ConvertingPMtoFM
Anintegratorcanbeused
asameansofconverting
phasemodulationto
frequencymodulation

TheAngleModulationSpectrum
Anglemodulationproducesaninfinitenumberof
sidebands
Thesesidebandsareseparatedfromthecarrierbymultiples
offm
Forpracticalpurposesananglemodulatedsignalcanbe
consideredtobebandlimited

BesselFunctions
FMandPMsignalshavesimilarequationsregardingcomposition
Besselfunctionsrepresentnormalizedvoltagesforthevarious
componentsofanAMorPMsignal

Bandwidth
ForFM,thebandwidthvarieswithbothdeviationand
modulatingfrequency
Increasingmodulatingfrequencyreducesmodulation
indexsoitreducesthenumberofsidebandswith
significantamplitude
Ontheotherhand,increasingmodulatingfrequency
increasesthefrequencyseparationbetweensidebands
Bandwidthincreaseswithmodulationfrequencybutisnot
directlyproportionaltoit

CarsonsRule
CalculatingthebandwidthofanFMsignalissimple,but
tedioususingBesselfunctions
CarsonsRuleprovidesanadequateapproximationfor
determiningFMsignalbandwidth:

B 2 max f m (max)

VariationofFM
Signal

NarrowbandandWidebandFM
Therearenotheoreticallimitstothemodulationindexor
thefrequencydeviationofanFMsignal
Thelimitsareapracticalcompromisebetweensignalto
noiseratioandbandwidth
GovernmentregulationslimitthebandwidthofFM
transmissionsintermsofmaximumfrequencydeviation
andthemaximummodulationfrequency

NarrowandWidebandSignals
NarrowbandFM(NBFM)isusedforvoicetransmissions
WidebandFM(WBFM)isusedformostother
transmissions
StrictdefinitionofthetermnarrowbandFMreferstoa
signalwithmfoflessthan0.5

FMandNoise
OneoftheoriginalreasonsfordevelopingFMwastogive
improvedperformanceinthepresenceofnoise,whichis
stilloneofthemajoradvantagesoverAM
OnewaytoapproachtheproblemofFMandnoiseisthink
ofnoiseasaphasorofrandomamplitudeandphaseangle

FMStereo
TheintroductionofFMstereoin1961wasaccomplished
insuchawaysoastoinsurecompatibilitywithexisting
FMmonauralsystems
ThemonoFMreceiversmustbeabletocapturetheL+R
signalofastereotransmitter

FMBroadcastingSpectra

FMMeasurements
ThemaximumfrequencydeviationofanFMtransmitteris
restrictedbylaw,notbyanyphysicalconstraint
Traditionaloscilloscopedisplaysarenotusefulin
analyzingFMsignals
Aspectrumanalyzerismuchmoreusefulindetermining
thequalitiesofanFMsignal