Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AngleModulation
Introduction
Therearethreeparametersofacarrierthatmaycarry
information:
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
FrequencyandPhasemodulationarecloselyrelatedand
groupedtogetherasphasemodulation
FrequencyModulation
PowerinanFMsignaldoesnotvarywithmodulation
FMsignalsdonothaveanenvelopethatreproducesthe
modulation
ThefigurebelowshowsasimplifiedFMgenerator
FrequencyDeviation
Frequencydeviationof
thecarrieris
proportionaltothe
amplitudeofthe
modulatingsignal
asillustrated
FrequencyModulationIndex
AnothertermcommontoFMisthemodulationindex,as
determinedbytheformula:
mf
fm
PhaseModulation
Inphasemodulation,thephaseshiftisproportionaltothe
instantaneousamplitudeofthemodulatingsignal,
accordingtotheformula:
kp
em
RelationshipBetweenFMand
PhaseModulation
Frequencyisthederivativeofphase,or,inotherwords,
frequencyistherateofchangeofphase
Themodulationindexisproportionaltofrequency
deviationandinverselyproportionaltomodulating
frequency
ModulatingSignal
Frequency
ConvertingPMtoFM
Anintegratorcanbeused
asameansofconverting
phasemodulationto
frequencymodulation
TheAngleModulationSpectrum
Anglemodulationproducesaninfinitenumberof
sidebands
Thesesidebandsareseparatedfromthecarrierbymultiples
offm
Forpracticalpurposesananglemodulatedsignalcanbe
consideredtobebandlimited
BesselFunctions
FMandPMsignalshavesimilarequationsregardingcomposition
Besselfunctionsrepresentnormalizedvoltagesforthevarious
componentsofanAMorPMsignal
Bandwidth
ForFM,thebandwidthvarieswithbothdeviationand
modulatingfrequency
Increasingmodulatingfrequencyreducesmodulation
indexsoitreducesthenumberofsidebandswith
significantamplitude
Ontheotherhand,increasingmodulatingfrequency
increasesthefrequencyseparationbetweensidebands
Bandwidthincreaseswithmodulationfrequencybutisnot
directlyproportionaltoit
CarsonsRule
CalculatingthebandwidthofanFMsignalissimple,but
tedioususingBesselfunctions
CarsonsRuleprovidesanadequateapproximationfor
determiningFMsignalbandwidth:
B 2 max f m (max)
VariationofFM
Signal
NarrowbandandWidebandFM
Therearenotheoreticallimitstothemodulationindexor
thefrequencydeviationofanFMsignal
Thelimitsareapracticalcompromisebetweensignalto
noiseratioandbandwidth
GovernmentregulationslimitthebandwidthofFM
transmissionsintermsofmaximumfrequencydeviation
andthemaximummodulationfrequency
NarrowandWidebandSignals
NarrowbandFM(NBFM)isusedforvoicetransmissions
WidebandFM(WBFM)isusedformostother
transmissions
StrictdefinitionofthetermnarrowbandFMreferstoa
signalwithmfoflessthan0.5
FMandNoise
OneoftheoriginalreasonsfordevelopingFMwastogive
improvedperformanceinthepresenceofnoise,whichis
stilloneofthemajoradvantagesoverAM
OnewaytoapproachtheproblemofFMandnoiseisthink
ofnoiseasaphasorofrandomamplitudeandphaseangle
FMStereo
TheintroductionofFMstereoin1961wasaccomplished
insuchawaysoastoinsurecompatibilitywithexisting
FMmonauralsystems
ThemonoFMreceiversmustbeabletocapturetheL+R
signalofastereotransmitter
FMBroadcastingSpectra
FMMeasurements
ThemaximumfrequencydeviationofanFMtransmitteris
restrictedbylaw,notbyanyphysicalconstraint
Traditionaloscilloscopedisplaysarenotusefulin
analyzingFMsignals
Aspectrumanalyzerismuchmoreusefulindetermining
thequalitiesofanFMsignal