Fluid Mechanics

4th SEMESTER
BS Mechanical Engineering(2009-2013)

Fluid Mechanics
It

is the study of fluids either in motion or at

rest and subsequent effect of fluids on the
boundaries.
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics

Kinematics

Fluid Dynamics

Study of
Mechanics of
Fluids at Rest

Deals with
Velocities and
Streamlines

Study of Fluids in
Motion
Considering Forces

Dimensions and Units

Dimension is measure by which a physical variable is
expressed qualitatively
Unit is a particular way of attaching a number to dimension.
Dimensions

of mechanics are PRIMARY or

DERIVED

mass

L
T
M

force

F ma

length
time

temperature

MLT-2

Dimensions and Units

Quantity
Symbol
Velocity
V
Acceleration
a
Area
A
Volume

Discharge
Q
Pressure
p
Gravity
g
Temperature
T
Mass concentration C

Dimensions
LT-1
LT-2
L2
L3
L3T-1
ML-1T-2
LT-2

ML-3

Dimensions and Units

Quantity

Symbol Dimensions

Density
Specific Weight
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Surface tension
Bulk mod of elasticity

fluid properties!
These are _______

ML-3
ML-2T-2
ML-1T-1
L2T-1
MT-2
ML-1T-2

History
Archimedes (B.C.)

Postulates of buoyancy
Eq. of conservation of mass for
Leonardo da Vinci, 1500
incompressible, 1D, viscous flow
Torricelli, 1644
Torricellis law
Invented First Wind tunnel to
Mariotte, 1686
measure drag
Newton, 1687
Newtons law of viscosity, Calculus
Pressure Gradient is proportional to
Daniel Bernoulli,
acceleration for frictionless flow
1738
Leonhard Euler, 1755
Euler Equations, Bernoullis Eq
dAlembert, 1752
dAlemberts paradox
Navier Stoke Equation
Navier 1827, Stokes 1845
Prandtl, 1904
Boundary Layer Theory

Fluid Mechanics, cont.

Fluid Mechanics is Based on
Hydrodynamics:
o A Mathematical Subject
o Deals with Ideal Fluid
o Results are of Limited Value

+
Hydraulics:
o Based on Experiment
o Gives Empirical Results
o Confined to Water Only

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics, cont.

Fluid Mechanics
Theoretical
o Based on Laws
o Mostly Applies to
Ideal Situations
o Of Little Practical
Value

Experimental
o Supports the
Theoretical Branch

Obstacles
1.Geometry
2.Viscosity

Concept of Fluid
Solid

Molecules are Closer

Hard in Appearance
Requires a Certain
Amount of Stress
Before Deformation
Occurs

Fluid

Molecules are Apart

Squashy in
Appearance
Fluid will deform in
Time to the Slightest
Stress

Distinction b/w Gas and Liquid

Liquid

Relatively Closely
Packed
Strong Cohesion Forces
Tends to Retain Volume
Forms a Free Surface

Gas

Not Closely Packed

Week Cohesion
Forces
Does not Retain
Volume
Volume is Affected by
Pressure

Continuum
All

materials, solid or fluid, are composed

of molecules discretely spread and in
continuous motion.
However, in dealing with fluid-flow
relations on a mathematical basis, it is
necessary to replace the actual molecular
structure by a hypothetical continuous
medium, called the continuum.

Continuum, contd.
Density

= Mass / Unit Volume

Molecules are Always in Motion so What is
the Meaning of Density of a Fluid????
For Air,
10-9 mm3 has 3*107
molecules

Continuum, contd.
Fluid

in Which Properties Vary Continually

and Smoothly
Differential Calculus can be Employed to
Analyze the Problems

Flow Velocity
Distance

Travelled by an Object per Unit Time

in a Particular Direction
It is a Vector Quantity
For a Fluid, Velocity is a Point Property
It Has Three Components u, v, w
V(x, y, z, t) = iu(x, y, z, t ) + jv(x, y, z, t ) +
kw(x, y, z, t )

Fluid Properties

_______
Density _______

Specific weight _______

Relationships between Pressure and volume

Ideal Gas Law __________
PV=nRT
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity _______
K
Pv
Vapor Pressure _______
Viscosity

Surface

Tension _______

Fluid Properties, Contd.

(Specific Mass)
It is the Mass of a
Substance Per Unit Volume
Density is a Point Property

Specific

Weight (weight per

unit volume)
3
=

g
=
9806
N/m

__________________

Density (kg/m3)

DENSITY:-

1000
990
980
970
960
950
0

50
100
Temperature (C)

Perfect Gas Law

PV nRT

N m
R is the universal gas constant R 8314
Kgmol K

T is in Kelvin
P is in N/m2

P RgasT Rgas

R
m2

c p cv Rair 287 2
M gas
s K

Use absolute pressure for P and absolute

temperature for T

Fluid Deformation between

Parallel Plates
F

U
b
Side view
Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
What other parameters control how much force is
required to get a desired velocity?

Distance between plates (b)

Area of plates (A)
Viscosity!

Shear Stress
Fb

AU

AU
F
b

units of

kg
N s
or
m 2
ms

Tangential force per unit area

dimension

U

b

M
of L T 2

U
b

units of

N
m 2

Rate of angular deformation

dimension of
du

dy

dimension

M
of L T

1
T

units

change in velocity with respect to distance

rate of shear

1
of s

 Newtonian
Ideal

Fluid
Ideal plastic

du
Rate of deformation dy

Fluid classification by response to

shear stress
Ideal Fluid

Newtonian

Shear stress

Ideal plastic
du

dy

Fluid Viscosity
Examples

of highly viscous fluids

______________________
molasses, tar, 20w-50 oil

Fundamental
Gases

mechanisms

- transfer of molecular momentum

Viscosity __________
increases as temperature increases.
Viscosity __________
increases as pressure increases.
Liquids - cohesion
_______ and momentum transfer
Viscosity _______
decreases as temperature increases.
Relatively independent
_______ of pressure (incompressible)

Example: Measure the viscosity

of water
The inner cylinder is 10
cm in diameter and rotates
at 10 rpm. The fluid layer
is 2 mm thick and 10 cm
high. The power required
to turn the inner cylinder
is 50x10-6 watts. What is
the dynamic viscosity of
the fluid?

Outer
cylinder
Inner
cylinder

Thin layer of water

Solution Scheme
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and represent the
parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the equations
describing the physical constraints and any
simplifying assumptions
Solve for the unknown symbolically
Substitute numerical values with units and do the
arithmetic

Check your units!

Check the reasonableness of your answer

Viscosity Measurement: Solution

AU
F
t
2r 2 h
F
t
P Fr

2 2 r 3h
P
t

A 2rh

Outer
cylinder

Inner
r = 5 cm
cylinder
t = 2 mm
h = 10 cm
P = 50 x 10-6 W
10 rpm
Thin layer of water
Pt

2 2 r 3 h

(50 x10-6 W) (0.002 m)

-3
2

1.16x10
N

s/m
2 (1.047/s) 2 (0.05 m)3 (0.1 m)

Role of Viscosity
Statics
Fluids

at rest have no relative motion between

layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is _____
zero and is
independent of the fluid viscosity
Flows
Fluid

viscosity is very important when the fluid

is moving

Dynamic and Kinematic

Viscosity
viscosity (__)
is a fluid property
obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
(__)
by the fluid density

Kinematic

kg
m s

kg
m 3

N s
2
m

[m2/s]

kg m
2

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

the change in
volume to a change in
pressure
changes

in density at
high pressure
pressure waves
_________
sound
______
water__________
hammer
a

Ev

speed of sound

dp
Ev
dV / V
Bulk Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

Relates

dp
Ev
d /

2.35
2.30
2.25
2.20
2.15

Water

2.10
2.05
2.00
0

20

40

60

Temperature (C)

80

100

Vapor Pressure

liquid

Vapor pressure (Pa)

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

10

20

30

Temperature (C)

What is vapor pressure of water at 100C?

101 kPa
Connection with phenomenon called cavitation!

40

Cavitation

Cavitation Damage

Video clip of cavitation process

Surface Tension