CC608

BUILDING SERVICES

PN. FAIZATUL HARLINA BT

MUHAMAD SHAH

CHAPTER 5

AIR
CONDITIONING
SYSTEM

AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
5.1 Learn the basic principle of air conditioning
system
5.1.1 Describe the basic principle of air
conditioning system.

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of

air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more
conditions.

More generally, air conditioning can refer to any form of

technological cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection
that modifies the condition of air.

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An air conditioner is a major or home appliance, system,

or mechanism designed to change the air temperature
and humidity within an area (used for cooling and
sometimes heating depending on the air properties at a
given time).

The cooling is typically done using a simple refrigeration

cycle, but sometimes evaporation is used, commonly for
comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles.

In construction, a complete system of heating,

ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC".

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Air-conditioning is
the process of cooling the air in a
building to provide a
comfortable temperature.

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5.1

Learn the basic principle of air

conditioning system
5.1.2 Illustrate the functional parts in air
conditioning
The
major partssystem.
of an air conditioner manage
refrigerant and move air in two directions (indoors and
outside):
1.Evaporator -Receives the liquid refrigerant
2.Condenser -Facilitates heat transfer
3.Expansion valve -Regulates refrigerant flow into
the evaporator

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5.1

Learn the basic principle of air

conditioning system
5.1.3 Identify the cycles and its function.

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Basic cycles of air conditioning
system
1. Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas.
2. Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
3. For an air conditioning system to operate with
economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly.
4. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same
cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and
evaporation in a closed circuit.
5. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from
one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in
another area.
6. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a lowpressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of

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7. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas
condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the
outside air.
8. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under
high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid,
and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion
valve.
9. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator,
where heat from the inside air is absorbed and
changes it from a liquid to a gas.
10.As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the
compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.
11.Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the centre

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Air conditioning system will have these two heat
transfer cycles:
air cycle &
refrigeration cycle
Two other cycles found in some systems are :
the chilled water cycle &
the cold (cooling water) water cycle
Understanding the heat transfer cycles will help
in the understanding the syllabus air conditioning
systems.
There are two air cycles involved in any air-

conditioning system i.e.

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5.2 Know the principle of the cooling
substance
5.2.1 Describe the air and water cycle and
its functions in cooling system.
Air cycle
The
cooling
substan
ce !!

Refrigeration
cycle
Water
cycle

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Air cycle

the internal air cycle

and
the external air cycle

The internal air cycle involves the conditioning, delivery

and the distribution of air in the building.
The conditioning of air is the control of the temperature,
humidity and quality of air. The delivery of air involves the fan
moving the conditioned air and used air through the ducting
system.
But some system do not have a ducting system and therefore
rely on the natural air circulation within the room for air
delivery. The distribution of conditioned air involved the local
control of temperature and volume of air at the outlet.
At the outlet temperature control is possible by using a

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The external air cycle involves the transfer of heat from
the air-conditioning system to the outside air.
The air-conditioning system releases the heat to the
outside air.
The heat is dissipated into the larger volume of air.
Cooler air is produced and can then goes back to receive
heat again from the air conditioning system.

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Refrigeration
cycle

The system by which

air conditioners provide
cooling is called the
Refrigerant Cycle.
This system has four
major
components
common to all airconditioning
systems
(see figure).

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1. Evaporation
In the Evaporator, the cold liquid refrigerant under low
pressure absorbs heat from the air cycle thus cooling the air.
The refrigerant turns into a low pressure gas due to the
absorbed
2. heat.

2.
Compression

The low pressure gas is then compressed by the compressor

so that the gas now becomes hotter and has high pressure.
Because of the high pressure, the boiling point of the
refrigerant is increased.
Thus the gas refrigerant is carrying excess heat but could not
release it due to the insulated pipe

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3.

3.
Condensation

The hot high pressure gas passes through the condenser. The
condenser is a coiled pipe exposed to the out side air.
Excess heat and latent heat is transferred to the lower
temperature outside air and the gas changes into high
pressure liquid at room temperature.

4. Expansion

The pressure of the liquid is lowered after passing through

the expansion valve.
This causes the lowering of the boiling point of the liquid
refrigerant and make it a cold liquid under low pressure.
It goes back to step no 1 to continue the cycle.

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Water
cycle

the chilled water cycle and

the cold (cooling water)
water cycle

The chilled water cycle and

In some air conditioning system, The RC indirectly cools the
air to be conditioned.
Chilled water is produced by passing water over the
evaporator coil of the refrigerant plant.
This chilled water is then piped to the air handling units
(AHUs) at various parts of the building.
Air from the ducting diverted into the AHU and is cooled by
flowing over a coil of piped water containing chilled (very cold)
water in the Air Handling Unit (AHU).

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The heat is transferred from the air to the water. This raises
the water temperature and cools the air.
The cooled air is then fed into the room via the supply
register. The less chilled water pumped back to pass over the
Evaporator Coil where the heat is transferred to the RC from
the water.
Thus the water becomes chilled again. The water flows back
to the AHU for air cooling. The Cycle is thus repeated.

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The cold (cooling water) water
cycle

In some air conditioning system, the refrigeration cycle

transfers the heat to the outside air indirectly.
Heat is transferred to the water which flows over the
condenser of the heated water is piped and pumped to the
cooling tower.
In the tower, the heated water is showered so that it comes
into contact with the cooler outside air.
Heat is transferred from the heated water to the cooler air
(see the external air cycle). The air-cooled water is piped
back to the condenser to repeat the cycle again.
Spraying the water is a good way of releasing heat from the
water to the outside air because the water droplets gives a
greater surface area for the heat to the escape.

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But a small portion of the water will also evaporate into the
air or will be blown out of the cooling tower. Thus, in order to
replace the lost water, this cold water pipe is connected to a
replenishing water tank specially meant for the air
conditioning system.

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5.2 Know the principle of the cooling
substance
5.2.2 Relate air and water cycles and
cooling substances.
Try to
describe the
relation
between
three of this.

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5.3 Understand the process of the air
conditioning system
5.3.1 State the factors to consider in choosing
type of air conditioning system.
1. Energy effectiveness
2. Funds
3. Atmosphere
4. Vacant dish
5. Automatic resume
6. Portable unit

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1. Energy effectiveness:
It means how much energy it takes while in working and
this is the most important thing to consider for
consumers they don't afford too much billing. So take
that conditioner which has Energy saving star
ratings.
2. Funds:
This is the important thing while purchasing conditioner.
You want that conditioner which not breaks your
budget and gives you comfortable feel when you are
at home.

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3. Atmosphere:
You always want that conditioner that is according to
environment. Mostly portable air conditioning unit use
CFC refrigerant but use chooses that one which filters
all the air before entering into your room.
4. Vacant dish:
Many people working for a long hours so they always
want that appliance you never have to empty. You don't
want that appliance which fills your entire home with
water when you. come back to your home after working.
1..

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5. Automatic resume:
Always buy that conditioner which have automatic
restart option if you're room is too hot in summer and
automatically adjust temperature according to your
need.
6. Portable unit:
If you are living in a house i.e. on rent than portable
conditioning is a great choice.
come back to your home after working.
1..

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5.3 Understand the process of the air
conditioning system
5.3.2
Differentiate
types
of
conditioning system

air

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a. Centralized
unit

Central air conditioning plants are used for applications like big
hotels, large buildings having multiple floors, hospitals, etc,
where very high cooling loads are required.
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when
large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls etc are
to be air conditioned completely.
In the central air conditioning systems there is a plant room where
large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the
evaporator are kept in the large plant room.

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They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical
refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger in
size and have higher capacities.
The compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple
cylinders and is cooled by the water just like the automobile
engine.
The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube
type. While in the small air conditioning system capillary is
used as the expansion valve, in the central air conditioning
systems thermostatic expansion valve is used.

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The chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms,
halls and other spaces that are to be air conditioned.
Thus in all the rooms there is only the duct passing the
chilled air and there are no individual cooling coils, and
other parts of the refrigeration system in the rooms.
What is we get in each room is the completely silent
and highly effective air conditions system in the room.
Further, the amount of chilled air that is needed in the
room can be controlled by the openings depending on
the total heat load inside the room.

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There are two types of central air conditioning plants
or systems:

1.Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning

plant:
In this system the huge compressor, and the condenser are
housed in the plant room, while the expansion valve and the
evaporator or the cooling coil and the air handling unit are
housed in separate room.
The cooling coil is fixed in the air handling unit, which also
has large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the hot
return air from the room via ducts and blows it over the
cooling coil.

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Showing view of Air Conditioning Plant Room

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2. Chilled water central air conditioning plant:
This type of system is more useful for large buildings
comprising of a number of floors. It has the plant room where
all the important units like the compressor, condenser,
throttling valve and the evaporator are housed.
The evaporator is a shell and tube. On the tube side the
Freon fluid passes at extremely low temperature, while on
the shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing
through the evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is
pumped to the various air handling units installed at different
floors of the building. The air handling units comprise the
cooling coil through which the chilled brine flows, and the
blower.

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The blower sucks hot return air from the room via ducts
and blows it over the cooling coil. The cool air is then
supplied to the space to be cooled through the ducts.
The brine solution which has absorbed the room heat
comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is again
pumped back to the air handling unit.
To operate and maintain central air conditioning systems
we need to have good operators, technicians and
engineers.
Proper
preventative
and
breakdown
maintenance of these plants is vital.

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Central air conditioning

Chilled water system

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Advantages of Central air conditioning :
Noise in rooms is usually reduced if plant room is away
from occupied spaces.
The whole building can be controlled from a central
control station.
This means that optimum start and stop can be used
and a weather compensator can be utilised.
Also time clocks can bring air conditioning on and off at
appropriate times.
Maintenance is centralised in the plant room. Plant is
easier to access.

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Disadvantages of Central air conditioning :
Expensive to install a complete full comfort airconditioning system throughout a building.
Space is required for plant and to run ductwork both
vertically in shafts and horizontally in ceiling spaces.
Individual room control is difficult with central plant.
Many systems have been tried such as Variable Air
Volume (VAV), dual duct systems and zone re-heaters.
Zone re-heaters are probably more successful than the
rest.

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b. Split unit

The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms or small
office spaces. If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically
viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls,
auditoriums, receptions areas etc.

Split air conditioners have two main parts, the outdoor unit is the
section which generates the cold refrigerant gas and the indoor unit
uses this cold refrigerant to cool the air in a space.

The outdoor unit uses a compressor and air cooled condenser to provide
cold refrigerant to a cooling coil in the indoor unit.

A fan then blows air across the cooling coil and into the room.

The indoor unit can either be ceiling mounted (cassette unit), floor

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Various Types of Split Unit Air Conditioners (Indoor

Units).
High level
Indoor unit.
Ceiling
mounted
(cassette
unit)
Above ceiling
unit with
provision for
duct
connections

Floor mounted or
duct type

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The photographs below show a ceiling mounted

cassette and an outdoor unit.

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Advantages of Split unit :
Cheaper to install.
Individual room control.
Works
well
where
rooms
have
individual
requirements.
No long runs of ductwork.
Can be used to heat as well as cool if a reversing
valve is fitted.

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Disadvantages of Split unit :
Sometimes the indoor unit fan becomes noisy.
Noisy compressor in outdoor unit.
Each unit or group of units has a filter, compressor and
refrigeration pipework
that needs periodic maintenance and
possible re-charging. Units have course filters therefore filtration is
not as good as with AHUs.
The installation may require long runs of refrigerant pipework
which, if it leaks into the building, can be difficult to remedy.
Not at robust as central plant.
The majority of room air conditioners just recirculate air in a room
with no fresh air supply although most manufacturers make units
with fresh air capability.
Cooling output is limited to about 9 kW maximum per unit;

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5.4 Understand the effects of air
conditioning system to the environment
5.4.1 Identify the latest product of
environmental friendly air condition.
1.Solar Hybrid Air Conditioner
2.Green AC
3.Geothermal Heat Pumps (Geothermal
Heating and Cooling)

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Solar Hybrid Air

Comfort living without the guilt of

destroying the environment is now
made possible by LG with their first
eco-friendly air conditioner that has its
debut in Korea.
The Hybrid conditioner of LG has solar
modules attached on top of the outer
unit of the air conditioner that collects
sunrays and convert it into electric
power of up to 70 watts per hour.
With this ability, the LG solar hybrid
air conditioner will be able to reduce
carbon emission of up to 212kg over
10 years, which is equivalent to 780
pine trees.
With this product, using your air
conditioner
can
now
be
more

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Green AC

To design a more than just

ordinary air conditioner, LED
lights were introduced behind
the
front
cover
enabling
illumination of the room with a
soft background light.
This is giving the customer the
unique possibility to incorporate
the stylish design into the home
styling.

You can controly our air conditioner unit with applications created for smart
phones.
These applications communicate with your product, so that you can control
your AC when you are away from home.
With the applications you can do everything that you can do with the remote
control; adjust the airflow, the temperature, use the timer and turn on the

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The application will have the same functions as the remote control, in
the function,Air flow,you can adjust the temperature, select Swingmode or Eco-mode.

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Geothermal Heat Pumps (Geothermal Heating and
Cooling)
Why its cool:
Similar to how caves regulate temperature, Geothermal Heat Pumps
use the earths steady temperature to cool and heat water. Each
system has an indoor and outdoor unit that transfers water into the
ground and pumps it back inside.
For cooling, water is piped into the ground, where the soil extracts
excess heat, significantly reducing the amount of electricity needed
in conventional cooling methods.
Drawbacks:
Installation costs run higher than conventional methods, but the
energy savings usually make up the difference in three to ten years.

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Geothermal heat pumps have gotten more attention over the last few
years than any other single source of home heating and cooling. Why?
Because theyre extremely efficient AND the federal government is
willing to pay for 30% of the cost to install them in your home!

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Geothermal heat pump installation

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Geothermal Cooling :
In the cooling mode, the heating process is reversed - creating cool,
conditioned air throughout the home.
Instead of extracting heat from the ground, heat is extracted from
the air in your home and either moved back into the earth loop, or
used to preheat the water in your hot water tank.
Geothermal vs. Geoexchange: what's in a name? :
Geothermal energy has been used to heat and air condition
buildings for several decades, and during that time these geothermal
systems have been called many different things.
Some of the more popular variations include geo-thermal,
geoexchange, ground-water, ground-water assisted, ground-watersource, water-to-water, and even our company name, water furnace
heating and cooling.

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Be An Eco-Friendly User Of Your Air Conditioner
1. Find The Energy Star Label And High SEER. The importance and
significance of the Energy Star label and SEER are mentioned earlier. What
you need to realize is that air conditioner units with these certifications
and ratings are able to use 10-50% less energy than regular AC units. By
choosing this type of system, you will be able to save more money on your
utility bills since it reduces the amount of energy consumed. These ecofriendly units will also have a timer and thermostat which will help you
control the temperature of the unit.
2. Buy The Right Air Conditioner Size. When buying an eco-friendly AC
unit, you must consider the space of your home or room. Some of the
factors you need to consider include:

The number of windows in your home

Home shading
Your home insulation
The heat generated by the residents in the house and the appliances

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3. Program The Thermostat And Install A Fan. When choosing an air
conditioning system, you must find one with a programmable thermostat.
You can then set your thermostat higher since doing so will consume less
energy. Another useful tip is to install a ceiling fan, as this will lead to even
air circulation in the room, and it doesnt use as much energy.
4. Shade Your Air Conditioner. When installing the cooling system, you
must choose areas with bushes and trees so that the sun wont be able to
easily beat down on it. Doing this is more energy-efficient since shaded air
is about six degrees cooler than air thats not shaded.
Eco-friendly air conditioning systems can be quite expensive, but investing in
such systems is worth it. These units can help you save more in the future;
thus, if you want to avoid paying expensive energy bills but you do not
want to compromise your comfort, you must invest in a reliable ecofriendly unit.

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5.4 Understand the effects of air
conditioning system to the environment
5.4.2 Recognized the effect of air
conditioning gases to global warming.

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What is the global warming ???
Global warming (also called the greenhouse effect) describes the
gradual increase of the air temperature in the earth's lower
atmosphere.
Why is global warming called the greenhouse effect? Greenhouses
are not common in Africa, so don't be surprised if you have never
seen one! They are used mainly in the cooler northern
hemisphere to grow vegetables and flowers.
A greenhouse is made entirely of glass. When sunlight (shortwave
radiation) strikes the glass, most of it passes through and warms
up the plants, soil and air inside the greenhouse. As these objects
warm up they give off heat, but these heat waves have a much
longer wavelength than the incoming rays from the sun. This long

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What is the global warming (greenhouse effect)

gases
???
1. Water
vapour
is the main greenhouse gas. Human activities are not known
to have had a significant influence on the atmospheric concentration of water
vapour.
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the pollutant most responsible for increased global
warming. It is released into the atmosphere mainly through burning of fossil
fuels (e.g. coal, petrol, diesel). In addition, widespread destruction of natural
vegetation, particularly forests, has contributed to increased atmospheric
CO2 levels (see Enviro Facts "Deforestation"). This has occurred for two
reasons. First, plants take up CO2 through the process of photosynthesis. The
destruction of vegetation, as occurs in deforestation, reduces the amount of
CO2 that is removed from the atmosphere. Second, when forests are cleared,
and burnt or left to rot, CO2 is released.
3. Methane (CH4) has doubled in concentration, mainly as a result of
agricultural activities, between 1750 and 1990.
4. Nitrous oxide (N2O), also a product of burning fossil fuel, has increased by
8% over the same period.

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What is the effect of air conditioning gases to

global warming???

The average global temperature is about 0,5 degrees

centigrade warmer than it was 100 years ago.

1990 is the warmest year on record, 1988 the second

warmest, and 1980, 1981, 1983 and 1986 were all
warmer than any other years in the last century.
Preliminary analyses of 1991 temperature records
indicate that this year was also above average.

Snow and ice-cover have decreased this century, deep

ocean temperatures have increased, and cloud cover over
North America has also increased over this period. The
latter indicates increased atmospheric water vapour.

THANK
YOU