CC608

BUILDING
SERVICES

CHAPTER 4

DEMOLITION
WORKS

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4.1 Understand on demolition works
4.1.1 Describe the objectives of demolition
works.
4.1.2 State the reasons of the demolition works.

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4.2 Know the method of demolition work
4.2.1 Describe the demolition works by manually.
4.2.2 Explain the mechanical equipment's used for
demolition work
a. crane and the demolition ball
b. pneumatic impact tools
c. mechanical arm
d. explosive

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4.3 Learn safety procedures and best
practices of demolition works
4.3.1 State the safety procedures in demolition
works
4.3.2 Identify the best practices in demolition
work for specified building
4.3.3 Relate the best practices and environmental
effects in demolition works

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WORKS
"The dismantling,
Definition
: wrecking, pulling down or

knocking down of any building or structure

or part thereof, but does not include such
work of a minor nature which does not
involve structural alterations"
(Department of Labour New Zealand, 1994)
"Demolition means the complete or partial
dismantling of a building or structure. It
excludes refurbishment, provided this work
does not Involve the alteration of existing
structural components."

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4.1 Understand on demolition works
4.1.1 Describe the objectives of demolition
works

Objective
s
:
The objectives

of demolition works is to
understand demolition works ina safe and
economical manner.

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Aiming of the demolition works
:

Minimizing the risk of :

i.

causing damage to persons and properties

of the public

ii. enduring the health and safety of site

personnel
iii. damaging the neighborhood environment

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4.1 Understand on demolition works
4.1.2 State the reasons of the demolition
works
Main reason of demolition works is because of:
1.Commercial
2.Aesthetic
3.Human health
4.Human safety
5.Build new building
6.Renovation
7.Structure problem
8.Environment (near slope)
9.Population density
10.Adjacent building
11.
Traffic

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4.2 Know the method of demolition work

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4.2 Know the method of demolition work
Demolition Processes :

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Demolition Processes :

1. Identify site locations, specialsiterestrictions

andimpact of special buildings
2. Identify buildings/structures to bedemolished
3. Verify dimensions of site and building
4. Identify hoardings requirements
5. Verify building construction, types ofmaterials
6. Verify existing fixtures
7. Verifythebuilding use
8. Verifyutilities location

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9. Prepare demolition schedule
10. Test and remove hazardous materials
11. Identify the safetymeasures for protection of
the public
12. Arrange for debris handling
13. Prepare demolition plan
14. Prepare stability report with calculations
15. Apply consent(alsosubmit supervision plan,
named and detail of Technically Competent
Persons)

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Demolition Processes :
1. Install site precautionarymeasures
2. Remove hazardous materials
3. Inform site personnel the specifics and
precautionary measures
4. Establish emergency access
5. Establish line of communication to supervisor
6. Progressworkinaccordance withmethod
7. statements approved.
8. Remove debris to avoid accumulation

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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Controldustemission
Adequatesupervision
Protectpartywalls
Ensure workers follow safety procedures
Ensure machines and equipment are well
maintained.
14. Providesecurity
15. Schedule regular inspection and maintenance
ofscaffolding

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Demolition Processes :

1.
2.
3.
4.
a.
b.
c.

Clear debris and level site

Secure boundaries
Protect allexcavations
For slopingsiteand/orsitewithretaining wall
sealgroundsurface
provide surface drainage
provide demolition plan to the foundation
contractor for maintaining the supports.

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4.2 Know the method of demolition work
4.2.1 Describe the demolition works by
manually
Demolitionofbuildingsorstructurebyhan
dheldtoolssuchaselectricorpneumaticbr
eakers,
sometimesasapreliminarytousingother
methods,shouldbe carried out, where
practicable, in the reverse order to the
original construction sequence.

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Lifting appliances may be necessary to hold
larger structural members during cutting and
forloweringseveredstructuralmembersand
otherdebris.
Chutes maybeusedto discharge debris into
a vehicle or hopper. Foundations would
normally be grubbed up by excavation
machines.

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Demolition Works By Manually

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4.2 Know the method of demolition work
4.2.2 Explain the mechanical equipment's
used for
demolition
Simple
roof work
structures supported on wall
plates should normally be demolished to the
level of wall plates by hand, but if this may
involve unsafe working, then demolition
totally by machine may be appropriate.
Where a building that is to be demolished by
machine is attached to anotherstructure, the
two properties should be separated by the
use of hand methods before the main
demolition process begins.

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When any part of a building is being
demolished by a balling machine, pusherarm
or similar equipment, only the machine
operator and banks man should be allowed
close to the working area.
The cabs of all machines should be strong
enough to protect the operator against the
fall of debris. In particular, the windscreen
and roof light shouldbe of shatterproof
material and guardedby a grille of steel bars
or a substantial mesh.

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Demolition by machineryscomponents

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Balling machines generally comprise a drag-line

type crawler chassis fitted with a lattice crane
jib. The demolition ball, with a steel anti-spin
device, is suspended from the lifting rope and
swung by the drag rope.
Balling should only be carried out by skilled
operatives under the control ofexperienced
supervisors using well maintained machines
adequate for the proposed duty and standing on
a firm, level base.

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The manufacturer should be consulted before a
machine is used for balling to establish any
restrictions on the type or length of jib or the
weight of the ball.
Balling operations subject cranes to dynamic
stresses and wear, and the ball chosen should
have the minimum weight necessary for
effective use. In many cases, demolition balls of
quite light weight will be adequate.

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Floors should be demolished by dropping the
ball
on
the
highest
remaining
floorandallowingthe
debris
tofallinside
thebuilding.The
debrisshouldberemoved
regularly
to
prevent
excessive
weight
accumulating on the lower floors.
Walls or columns can be demolished either by
swinging the ball in line with the stationary jib,
using the drag rope, or by slewing the jib. The
ball should not swing by derricking the jib.

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Articulated, hydraulically-powered pusher-arm

machines are normally mounted on a tracked
or wheeled chassis, and have a toothed plate or
hook for applying forapplying a horizontal force
to a wall.
The machine should stand on a firm level base
and apply force by a controlled movement of
the pusher arm.

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The common mechanical methods used are

Pusher Arm, Clam Shell and Wire Rope
method.
Other methods include demolition by Impact
Hammer, Hydraulic Shear, Pulverizer etc.
High reach machines fitted with suitable
attachments and tower cranes may also be
considered.

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Pusher Arm

Demolition by Pusher Arm involves the

progressive demolition of a structure Using
machines equipped with a pusher arm
attachment for applying horizontal thrust to
progressively demolish the structural element,
either by pushing into the structure or pulling
out of the structure.
The height of the structure should be reduced
progressively by pushing over small sections.
The point where the pusher arm is applied to
the wall being demolished should be at an

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Clam Shell
Demolition by Clam Shell typically involves
the use of a crane equipped with a Clam
Shell attachment which progressively bites
away the structure.

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Wire Rope
Demolition by Wire Rope pulling generally
involves the use of an earth mover machine or
mechanical winch device equipped with heavy
steel wire for pulling down structural members.
Wire Rope pulling should not be used on brick
or masonry structures. The method should only
be used on structures where it is possible to
safely attach the ropes.
Restraining ropes shall be provided to prevent
premature
collapse
before
the
pull
commences, from before pre-weakening until it
has been completed.

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Implosion is the strategic placing of explosive

material and timing of its detonation so that a
structure collapses on itself in a matter of
seconds, minimizing the physical damage to its
immediate
surroundings.
The
technique
weakens or removes critical supports so that the
building can no longer withstand the force of
gravity and falls under its own weight.

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The explosives are just the trigger for the
demolition. It's gravity that brings the building
down. Explosives are loaded and progressively
detonated on several different levels of the
building so that the building structure falls
down on itself at multiple points.
When everything is planned and executed
correctly, the total damage of the explosives
and falling building material is sufficient to
collapse the structure entirely, so cleanup
crews are left with only a pile of rubble.

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In order to demolish a building safely, each
element of the implosion must be studied
ahead of time. This is done by a blasting
expert. The first step is to examine
architectural blueprints of the building to
determine how the building is put together.
Next, the building is surveyed to study about
the support structure on each floor. Based on
this data and drawing from past experiences
with similar buildings, the expert decides what
explosives to use, where to position them in
the building and how to time their

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Columns are fully loaded with

explosives and hooked up to
blasting caps and fuses.

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Two types of blasting machines, a

traditional rack-bar and a modern
electronic control box

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CASE STUDY :
On December 30, the demolition of a 22-story building in
Liuzhou city, Guangxi province failed.
The building was split into two, with one half falling down
and the other half standing at an angle.
The demolition was effected by explosives which divided
the building into two halves which were supposed to fall
down. Instead, one half fell but the half didn't.
The demolition company sent equipment to take down the
standing building in order to prevent accidents.

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4.3 Learn safety procedures and best
practices of demolition works
4.3.1 State the safety procedures in
demolition
Before works
the start of every demolition job, the
demolition contractor should take a number
of steps to safeguard the health and safety
of workers at the job site.
These preparatory operations involve the
overall planning of the demolition job,
including the methods to be used to bring
the
structure
down,
the
equipment
necessary to do the job, and the measures
to be taken to perform the work safely.

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Planning for a demolition job is as important
as actually doing the work. Therefore all
planning work should be performed by a
competent person experienced in all phases
of the demolition work to be performed.

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Demolition Safety Plan (Safety procedures )
Demolition safety plan is one of the phase involve
in demolition process which covers all the steps
acquire to identify, asses an control hazard which
might occur at the workplace during the
demolition work.
It should be developed in consultation with
employees and health and safety representative.
According to ACT Safe Demolition Works Third
Revised Edition November 2000, any demolition
activity is forbidden until a demolition safety plan
is completed and it must include the following :

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1. Description of the demolition Workplace

2. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Contr

Process Review
3. Demolition Methods and Work Processes
4. Engineering Investigation
5. Induction and Training
6. Emergency procedures

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Demolition Code of Practice
This Code of Practice outlines good practices for the
planning and implementation of demolition works for
different types of buildings in aiming at minimizing the
risks of :
a. causing damage to persons and properties of the
public;
b. endangering the health and safety of site personnel;
and
c. damaging the neighborhood environment different
types of buildings in aiming at minimizing the risks
of :
causing damage to persons and properties of the
public;
endangering the health and safety of site personnel;

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Had
i.
ii.
iii.

a several of code of practices can found such as :

BS 6187 Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT Safe Demolition Work Code of Practice,
Code of Practice for Demolition by Safe Work
Australia is an Australian Government
iv. Code of Practice for Demolition of Buildings
published by Building Departments of Hong Kong in
year 2004
(This Code of Practice was drafted to provide
guidance on safe and good practices for demolition
works and for compliance with the requirements of
the relevant provisions by local authorities as well as
good practices in demolition works in Malaysia.)

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EXERCISE 4. 1
The choice of technique depends on the nature of
the building or structure and its environment,
risks to public, operatives involved in the
demolition process, adjacent structure and
buildings.
Proposed a type of demolition work suitable to be
used for structure located in the middle of the city
and design a safety sign to put on the demolition
site.

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4.3 Learn safety procedures and best
practices of demolition works
4.3.2
Identify
the
best
practices
in
demolition work for specified building
Although the definition varies depends on the
sources, it still reflect the same meaning and
objective. There are three main categories of
structural demolition and they are:

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Deconstruction (DCON)
Deconstruction or Top-down Technique is a
technique that proceeds from the roof to ground in a
general trend. It is the common technique use in
Malaysia to demolished multi-storey structure.
The process can be done manually using
jackhammer, or breaking away the structure by
machine mounted with percussive breaker or other
hydraulic attachments.

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Deliberate Collapse Mechanisms (DCM)
Considered to be the removal of key structural
members to cause complete collapse of the whole or part
of the structure.
It is usually employed for detached, isolated and
reasonably leveled sites where the whole structure is
intended to be demolished.
Sufficient space should be available to enable
equipment and personnel to be relocated to a safe
distance.
The process can be carried out by using wire rope

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Progressive Demolition (PD)
The progressive demolition is the controlled removal of
sections of the structure, at the same time retaining the
stability of the remainder and avoiding collapse of the
whole or part of the structure to be demolished.
The process can be done using balling machine or any
long reach machine with hydraulic attachment.

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4.3 Learn safety procedures and best
practices of demolition works
4.3.3 Relate the best practices and
environmental effects in demolition works

EXERCISE 4. 2
Identify the related of best practices and
environmental effects in demolition works.

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The general requirements to minimise environmental impacts from
construction sites can also be applied to demolition processes. The
following sections contain some of the procedures to be adopted:
No

Section

Best Practices

Air
Pollution

Concrete breaking, handling of debris and hauling

process are main sources of dust from building
demolition. Dust mitigation measures shall be
adopted to minimise dust emissions. Burning of
waste shall not be allowed.

Water

The discharge of wastewater from demolition sites

requires an approval by DOE. Effluent shall be
treated to the standards as stipulated by DOE
Regulation before discharge.
As stated in 3.10.3, the Registered Specialist
Contractor (Demolition) shall maintain proper
control of temporary water supply and an effective
temporary drainage system.

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THANK
YOU