DIE MATERIALS

Presented by
Pragati sharma

Guided By :
Dr Ashistaru Saha
Dr Tushar Tanwani
Dr Pranay Mahaseth
Dr Anupam Purwar
Dr Ankita Piplani
1

CONTENTS
Introduction
Definitions
Ideal

requirements of die materials

Die materials
Types
Conclusion

References

Shillingberg Die is a model of individual

prepared tooth on which margins of wax
pattern are finished.
GPT-8

Die is a positive reproduction of

the form of a prepared tooth in any
suitable substance.
4

REQUIREMENTS FOR A DIE

All surfaces must be accurately

duplicated and no bubbles or voids
can be accepted

Precise reproduction of tooth surface

Adequate access to margins

5

IDEAL PROPERTIES OF DIE MATERIALS

Die materials used for the fabrication of
fixed prosthesis should be:
Durable
Stable
Dimensionally accurate
Show good reproduction of details.
Cost effective
Ease of manipulation
Compatible with various impression
materials.
The ability to resist abrasion.
Good color contrast
Good strength and hardness.

Die materials has been classified as

GYPSUM-

NON GYPSUM1. RESIN- EPOXY RESIN,

TYPE IV AND
TYPE V

Auto-polymerizing acrylic
2.
3.

CEMENT SILICOPHOSPHATE
FLEXIBLE DIE MATERIAL

4.
5.

CERAMIC DIES
ELECTROPLATED DIES

6.

SILVER PLATED
COPPER PLATED
AMALGAM
7

Die materials has also been

classified as:
METALLIC:

NONMETALLIC

1. ELECTROPLATED DIES
SILVER PLATED

1.GYPSUM -TYPE IV AND TYPE

V
2. RESINEPOXY RESIN,
POLYURETHANE
3.CEMENT
SILICOPHOSPHATE
4.FLEXIBLE DIE MATERIAL
5.CERAMIC DIES

COPPER PLATED
2. AMALGAM

Type IV & Type V

Advantages
compatible with all impression materials.
Dimensional accuracy and stability are good.
Produces consistent results.
Easy to use.
Susceptibility to abrasion
Type V < Type IV Gypsum die.

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DIE STONE

11

THE CHIEF DISADVANTAGE OF THE TYPE IV

GYPSUM

Die is its susceptibility to abrasion during

carving of the wax pattern.

Gypsum dies are modified to make them more

abrasion resistant

12

MAKE THEM MORE ABRASION RESISTANT

1. GYPSUM HARDENERS: aqueous colloidal
silica or soluble resin solutions.

2. To impregnate the surface of

the die with low viscosity resin

13

DIE STONE AND INVESTMENT COMBINATION

(DIVESTMENT)

Commercial
available
gypsum
investment
material

Colloidal
silica

Entire
assembly = die
+pattern
invested in
divestment

Die is
made

Wax
pattern is
fabricated
14

- A solution of 10% polystyrene in amyl acetate can be painted on to surface

-Wetting agents such as lignosulphonates.
-Incorporation of gum arabic and calcium hydroxide .

15

RESINS

Resins are used to

overcome the low
strength and
abrasion
resistance of the die
stone.
Mostly available
resin die materials
are epoxy resins.
Polyurethane is also

16

COMPOSITION:
2 component system
RESIN
HARDENER (Polyamine)
Working time 15mins
Setting time is 1-12 hours
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Advantage:
1. abrasion resistance >>gypsum.
2. High strength
Disadvantage:
1.More expensive
2.Undergoes some shrinkage during
polymerization.
3. time consuming complex procedure.
4. not compatible with polysulfide or
hydrocolloid.
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mparison of Gypsum and Epoxy Materials

PROPERTY

GYPSUM

EPOXY

Abrasion resistance Poor

Good

Ease of use

Easy

Moderately difficult

Time required

Minimal

Several hours

Equipment required Minimal

Minimal

Harmful chemicals

Some (allergy)

None

Compatibility with
Excellent
impression materials

Limited

Dimensional change Slight expansion

contraction

Accuracy

Good

Good

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Auto-polymerising acrylic

Although self-cure acrylic polymers are often

recommended for use as die materials,
Disadvantages.

heat of reaction.

large% of monomer and the resultant

volumetric contraction.

20

SILICO PHOSPHATE CEMENT:

consists of a combination of ZnPO4
and silicate cement.
a)

Powder ZnO
MgO-10%

b)

Liquid An aqueous solution of

H3PO4 -30 to 40% water.

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Advantages :
Harder than die stone

Disadvantage
Shrinkage on setting

brittle material

22

FLEXIBLE DIE MATERIAL:

similar to heavy-bodied silicone or

polyether impression materials

Application

provisional restorations

Advantages

More rapidly setting

Ease of removal of the provisional

restoration or inlay..

23

Comparison of the surface

detail reproduction of flexible
die material systems.

JPD 1998 Oct; Vol 80 No:4

pp: 485-9

Impregum F die materials with

Extrude light impression material
produced better surface detail
reproduction than the control dies..

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25

CERAMIC DIES:

Two
ceramic
available :

die

materials

are

a) one with out the platinum foil - To

form the dies heating to over 1000 0C

is necessary.
b) Other is ceramic which is in putty

consistency Fired at 6000C for 8

minutes to produce a hard strong die.
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Properties:
* Extremely abrasion resistant;
* Some shrinkage on firing.
Application :
The production of dies for porcelain
inlays, onlays and veneers.

27

AMALGAM :

Silver-tin or copper amalgam may be

packed into rigid impression materials
such as compound.

ADVANTAGES

Dimensional Accuracy is good.

DISADVANTAGES

- delay of 10-12 hours

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Metal sprayed die

Bismuth tin alloy

29

ELECTROPLATED DIES
Jacobe in 1934 first used it and
Wajna in 1937 applied it in dentistry.
copper-plated compound dies began
followed by the
Silver-plated dies
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The metal die that are produced

from electroplated impression
materials have -

High strength
Hardness and
Abrasion resistance

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CU PLATED DIES

COMPOSITION OF SOLUTION FOR

COPPERPLATING BATHS
Copper Sulphate (crystals)
H2SO4 (conc)
Phenol Sulfonic Acid
Water Distilled

- 200gms
- 30ml
- 2ml
- 1000ml

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Ag PLATED DIES

COMPOSITION OF THE SOLUTION

Silver cyanide
Potassium cyanide
Potassium carbonate
Water (distilled)

- 36gm
- 60gm
- 45gm
-1000ml

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ELECTROPLATING APPARATUS

C
B

A
A
B
C

Impression (cathode)
Silver bar (anode)
DC power supply
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Final impression after

cleaning and drying

METALLIZING
Cathod wire is inserted in
the
metallized area of the
impression
35

Impression is connected to
electrical source and submerged
in plating solution

36

Electroplated impression

Silverplated cast

37

Compatibility of cast or die materials with impression

materials
Cast or die material

Impression material

Gypsum product

Compound
Zinc oxide eugenol
hydrocolloids,
Polysulfide rubber base
Silicone (all types) rubber base
Polyether rubber base.

Electroplated copper

Compound
Silicone (addition) rubber base.

Electroplated silver

Polysulfide rubber base

Silicone .

Epoxy resin

All except
materials.

polyether,

aqueous

impression
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Compatibility of Type IV Dental

Stones with polysulfide Impression
Materials
Journal of Prosthodontics,Vol
I, No 1 (September),1992:pp 32-36

- many combinations of polysulfide

impression materials and modified type IV
dental stones did not reproduce the 20-um
line;

therefore, not every polysulfide is

compatible with every type IV dental
stone.
39

Study of the physical properties of type IV

gypsum, resin-containing and epoxy die materials
.
JPD
2000 Apr; 83 (4): 466-73.

All
gypsum
products
expanded,
whereas the epoxy resin material
contracted during setting.
The epoxy resin exhibited much better
detail reproduction, abrasion resistance
and transverse strength than the gypsum
materials.
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Conclusion
Advantages

Disadvantage Recommended
s
use

Precautions

ADA
1)Dimensional
type IV accuracy
stone
2)Straight forward
technique
3)Low cost

1)Will be
Most situations
damaged if not
handled
carefully
2)Lower
abrasion
resistance

1)Accurate
proportioning
essential
2) Vacuum
mix
recommended

ADA
type V
stone

1) Increased
expansion

1)Accurate
proportioning
essential
2)Vacuum mix
recommended

1) Straight forward
technique
2) Low cost
3)Harder than type IV

Most situations

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Advantages

Epoxy
resin

1) High strength
2) Good
abrasion
resistance

Electrop 1) High strength

lating
2) Good
abrasion
resistance

Disadvantages

Recommende
d use

Precaution
s

1) Polymerization
shrinkage

Complete
ceramic
2) Time consuming crowns
complex procedure

Not
compatible
with
polysulfide
and
hydrocolloi
d

1) Time consuming Complete

ceramic
2) Special
equipment needed crowns

Silver uses
toxic
cyanide.
Incompatibl
e with many
impression
materials.
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Ranking materials by the ability of an

impression die combination to
reproduce surface detailEpoxy dies are best for
reproducing detail (10um).
High strength stone dies (20um).

43

REFERENCES
1.Restorative dental materials Robert, G. Craig and John H.
Powers, 12th Edition.
2.Anusavice - Phillips Sciences of Dental materials, 11th Edition.
3.Contemporary fixed prosthodontics Stephen F. Rosenstiel
3rd Edition.
4.JPD 1998 Oct; Vol 80 No. 4 pp: 485-9.
5.JPD 2000 Mar; Vol 83 No. 3 pp: 301-5.
6. Compatibility of Type IV Dental Stones with polysulfide
Impression Materials Journal of Prosthodontics,Vol I, No 1
(September),1992:pp 32-36
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