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SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Stresses
Normal Stress
Stress arising from a force perpendicular to
cross sectional area
the
Compression
Tension
Copyright 2003 TWI Ltd
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Stresses
SWI 3.2
Shear Stress
Stress arising from forces which are parallel to, and lie
in the plane of the cross sectional area.
Shear Stress
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Stresses
Hoop Stress
Stress acting circumferentially around a pipe due to
internal pressure.
Hoop Stress
Copyright 2003 TWI Ltd
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Residual Stress
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Residual Stress
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Residual Stress
Longitudinal
Transverse
Short Transverse
Copyright 2003 TWI Ltd
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Longitudinal shrinkage/distortion
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Longitudinal shrinkage/distortion
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Longitudinal shrinkage/distortion
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Longitudinal shrinkage/distortion
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Longitudinal shrinkage/distortion
Transverse shrinkage/distortion
Angular distortion: weld metal contraction transverse
Longitudinal bowing: weld metal contraction longitudinal
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
Angular Distortion
Bowing Distortion
Copyright 2003 TWI Ltd
SWI 3.2
Transverse Distortion
Longitudinal Distortion
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Distortion
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Distortion
4
3
5
Copyright 2003 TWI Ltd
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Preparation angle 0o
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
Offsetting:
The amount of offsetting required is generally a function of
trail and error
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Distortion
Back-step welding technique
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5.
3.
6.
4.
2.
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
Distortion
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
Distortion
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
TECHNOLOGY
SWI 3.2
M.S.Rogers
SWI 3.2
TECHNOLOGY
Any Questions
M.S.Rogers
M.S.Rogers
SWI 3.2
TECHNOLOGY
Questions
QU 1. What causes residual stress in welds?
M.S.Rogers